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interface. Moreover, lignin and starch substantially contribute to the bio-composite

properties by acting as toughening agents, increasing adhesion between matrix,
modifying the biodegradability, improving the antistatic properties and as

reinforcement fillers [16].

Another study investigated the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties

of hemp-reinforced PLA composites and found that the tensile and flexural properties

were significantly increased compared to neat PLA. The DSC results revealed that the
presence of hemp fibre in hemp/PLA were not significantly affected the glass

transition and melting point of PLA [24]. Moreover, a comparison study was done
between abaca and man-made cellulose reinforced PLA on charpy and tensile tests.

The study found that PLA reinforced with abaca and man-made cellulose has a
significantly higher impact and tensile strength compared to virgin PLA [25].

Due to their advantages, few researchers had investigated the properties of
bio-composites, such as the interfacial properties of phosphate glass fibres/PLA

composites [26], thermal properties of polylactic acid with kenaf fibre [27],

tribological behaviour of natural fibre reinforced PLA composites [28] and
polyethylene reinforced with keratin fibres obtained from chicken feathers [29].

2.5 Synthetic Fibre-Reinforcement

Synthetic, artificial or man-made fibre such as glass, carbon and aramid are

widely used as an alternative material to metal and wood. As a load bearing

component, it is the major contribution in providing superior strength and stiffness to
the composite structures. Furthermore, reinforcements may also provide thermal and

electrical conductivity, wear resistance, temperature resistance, insulation material and

controlled thermal and moisture expansion. Typically, these materials are produced
with basic chemical units which are formed by chemical synthesis through holes

(called spinnerets) into the air for fibre formation.

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