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The skull and the frame of the throat HEAD AND NECK

These three drawings demonstrate (from left to right) the following: why the cranium may be considered egg-shaped;
now the face can be seen as a curved triangle suspended beneath and where the division lies between the two; and the

form of sternomastoid muscles that frame thethroatsodistinctlywhen the head is turned and inclined forward.

Bones of the cranium are locked together by Bones of the face house our sight, smell, taste, The skull pivots on the first vertebra or "atlas,"
jaggedjoints. Sinuses in the frontal (forehead) and speech. Cartilage extending from nasal bones after the Greek god condemned to carry the
bone between and beneath the eyebrows are
larger in men, making their brows pronounced shapesthenose.Pads of fat resting on the base of Earth. The jaw hinges in front of the ears. Behind,
and often ridged compared to those of women. eacheyesocket support the eyeballs in position. Ibf ony ridges give anchor to the sternomastoid
thefatisreducedby old age, eyes look sunken. muscles rising from the breast- and collarbones.

Three useful generalizations

General rules about the relative positions of body parts can hinder artists as much as help them, since they are
often based on classical ideals rather than thediversityoflife.However,some generalizations can help as a rough
guide to start with, so long as good observation takes over as soon as possible.

In general, when the face is relaxed (not smiling The height of a young adult's ear is often the The height of the face is about the length
or frowning), the corners of the mouth are same as their nose and found on the same level. of the handspan and the eye is normally
founddirectly beneath the pupils of the eyes. There is no general rule for growing children, halfway down the total height of the head.
and remember that ears grow again in old age, A common error is to draw the eyes too high
Vertical lines can be drawn down from the which is most obvious in men. up on the face.
pupils to meet the corners of the mouth.