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For example, the National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) published by the
Information Society for Educational Technology (ISTE,2017). Given the advances in
technology and the access to the Internet in and out of school, ISTE tried to update its
standards to reflect these developments and transition from technology-based teaching
to technology-based learning, teamwork, leadership and empowerment. During the
2016–2017 academic year, ISTE solicited input from more than 2,000 educators and
administrators and used these data to redesign the standards around seven themes:
Learner, Leader, Citizen, Collaborator, Designer, Facilitator, and Analyst. These 2017
ISTE Standards for Educators incorporate many of the previous standards, while also
adding a focus on collaboration, advocacy, digital literacy, media literacy, computational
thinking, privacy and student data, student empowerment, data-based decision making,
feedback, and teaching colleagues.

METHODOLOGY

Research Objectives
The main research objectives formulated for the study are:
• To examine on how do the novice teachers integrate and use digital education
approaches to improve and transform student learning.

• To investigate the challenges being met by the novice teachers for ICT integration
in teaching and learning activities.

Sample
The sample of the study consists of thirty (30) novice teachers graduated from IPGs and
Universities who are posted for primary schools in Borneo districts (Ranau and Kota
Kinabalu). Six (6) participants for the interview session.
The questionnaires survey items administered to measure teachers’ integration stages,
attitudes, skill and knowledge and frequencies applying ICT during three to five years
teaching. The open-ended questions regarding opinion and suggestion for novice
teachers are also included in the questionnaires. The survey questionnaire is divided into
5 sections of questions to identify novice teachers’:
a) Competencies, ICT skills, and knowledge
b) Frequencies of ICT integration
c) Attitudes on ICT integration
d) Suggestion ICT integration by respondents (open ended questions)
The semi structured interview guide for six (6) participants regarding strategies and
approaches in technology integration in the curriculum.