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C HAPTER 7 / Fluid and Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance and Imbalance 175
101. Nilsson, I. L., Rastad, J., Johansson, K., et al. (2001). Endothelial va- 124. Bo, S., & Pisu, E. (2008). Role of dietary magnesium in cardiovascular
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102. Sim, M. T., & Stevenson, F. T. (2008). A fatal case of iatrogenic hyper- 125. Mazur, A., Maier, J. A., Rock, E., et al. (2007). Magnesium and the in-
calcemia after calcium channel blocker overdose. Journal of Medical Tox- flammatory response: Potential physiopathological implications.
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icology, 4, 25–29. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 458, 48–56.
103. Cohen, N., Almoznino-Sarafian, D., Zaidenstein, R., et al. (2003). 126. Schelling, J. R. (2000). Fatal hypermagnesemia. Clinical Nephrology, 53,
Serum magnesium aberrations in furosemide (frusemide) treated pa- 61–65.
tients with congestive heart failure: Pathophysiological correlates and 127. Zaman, F., & Abreo, K. (2003). Severe hypermagnesemia as a result of
prognostic evaluation. Heart, 89, 411–416. laxative use in renal insufficiency. Southern Medical Journal, 96, 102–103.
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104. Gao, X., Peng, L., Adhikari, C. M., et al. (2007). Spironolactone re- 128. Birrer, R. B., Shallash, A. J., & Totten, V. (2002). Hypermagnesemia-
duced arrhythmia and maintained magnesium homeostasis in patients induced fatality following epsom salt gargles. Journal of Emergency
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of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 29, 265–268. Medicine (Baltimore), 79, 1–8.
106. Elming, H., Seibaek, M., Ottesen, M. M., et al. (2000). Serum-ionised 130. Miller, D. W., & Slovis, C. M. (2000). Hypophosphatemia in the emer-
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diac arrhythmias, left ventricular function and mortality. Magnesium Re- 18, 457–461.
search, 13, 285–292. 131. Shiber, J. R., & Mattu, A. (2002). Serum phosphate abnormalities in the
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supraventricular ectopy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75, 132. Claudius, I., Sachs, C., & Shamji, T. (2002). Hypophosphatemia-induced
550–554. heart failure. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20, 369–370.
108. Mela, T., Galvin, J. M., & McGovern, B. A. (2002). Magnesium defi- 133. Korbonits, M., Blaine, D., Elia, M., et al. (2007). Metabolic and hor-
ciency during lactation as a precipitant of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. monal changes during the refeeding period of prolonged fasting. Euro-
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Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 25, 231–233. pean Journal of Endocrinology, 157, 157–166.
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109. Onagawa, T., Ohkuchi, A., Ohki, R., et al. (2003). Woman with post- 134. Lin, K. K., Lee, J. J., & Chen, H. C. (2006). Severe refeeding hy-
partum ventricular tachycardia and hypomagnesemia. Journal of Obstet- pophosphatemia in a CAPD patient: A case report. Renal Failure, 28,
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110. Wilkes, N. J., Mallett, S. V., Peachey, T., et al. (2002). Correction of ion- 135. Guyton, A., & Hall, J. (2006). Textbook of medical physiology. Philadel-
ized plasma magnesium during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the risk phia: Elsevier Saunders.
of postoperative cardiac arrhythmia. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 95, 136. Boron, W. F. (2006). Acid-base transport by the renal proximal tubule.
828–834. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 17, 2368–2382.
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111. Dorman, B. H., Sade, R. M., Burnette, J. S., et al. (2000). Magnesium 137. Wang, W., Praetorius, J., Li, C., et al. (2007). Vacuolar H
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supplementation in the prevention of arrhythmias in pediatric patients pression is increased in acid-secreting intercalated cells in kidneys of rats
undergoing surgery for congenital heart defects. American Heart Journal, with hypercalcaemia-induced alkalosis. Acta Physiologica (Oxford), 189,
139, 522–528. 359–368.
112. Speziale, G., Ruvolo, G., Fattouch, K., et al. (2000). Arrhythmia pro- 138. Schoolwerth, A. C., Kaneko, T. M., Sedlacek, M., et al. (2006). Acid-
phylaxis after coronary artery bypass grafting: Regimens of magnesium base disturbances in the intensive care unit: Metabolic acidosis. Seminars
sulfate administration. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 48, 22–26. in Dialysis, 19, 492–495.
113. Ceremuzynski, L., Gebalska, J., Wolk, R., et al. (2000). Hypomagne- 139. Felver, L. (2010). Acid-base homeostasis and imbalances. In L. Copstead
semia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of & J. Banasik (Eds.), Pathophysiology (4th ed.) (pp. 615–626). St. Louis:
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magnesium supplementation. Journal of Internal Medicine, 247, 78–86. Elsevier.
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114. Kaye, P., & O’Sullivan, I. (2002). The role of magnesium in the emer- 140. de Seigneux, S., Malte, H., Dimke, H., et al. (2007). Renal compensa-
gency department. Emergency Medicine Journal, 19, 288–291. tion to chronic hypoxic hypercapnia: Downregulation of pendrin and
115.Speich, M., Bousquet, B., & Nicolas, G. (1980). Concentrations of adaptation of the proximal tubule. American Journal of Physiology – Re-
magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium in human heart muscle af- nal Physiology, 292, F1256–F1266.
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ter acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Chemistry, 26, 1662–1665. 141. Kupriyanov, V. V., Xiang, B., Sun, J., et al. (2002). Effects of regional hy-
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116. Kramer, J. H., Mak, I. T., Phillips, T. M., et al. (2003). Dietary magne- poxia and acidosis on Rb(
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sium intake influences circulating pro-inflammatory neuropeptide levels (87)Rb MRI and (31)P MR spectroscopic study. Biochimica et Biophys-
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and loss of myocardial tolerance to postischemic stress. Experimental Bi- ica Acta, 1586, 57–70.
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ology and Medicine (Maywood), 228, 665–673. 142. Crampin, E. J., Smith, N. P., Langham, A. E., et al. (2006). Acidosis in
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nesium. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 458, 73–89. 143. Mizukoshi, Y., Shibata, K., & Yoshida, M. (2001). Left ventricular con-
118. Sontia, B., & Touyz, R. M. (2007). Role of magnesium in hypertension. tractility is reduced by hypercapnic acidosis and thoracolumbar epidural
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 458, 33–39. anesthesia in rabbits. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesiology, 48, 557–562.
119. Touyz, R. M., Pu, Q., He, G., et al. (2002). Effects of low dietary mag- 144. Avidan, M. S., Ali, S. Z., Tymkew, H., et al. (2007). Mild hypercapnia af-
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nesium intake on development of hypertension in stroke-prone sponta- ter uncomplicated heart surgery is not associated with hemodynamic com-
neously hypertensive rats: Role of reactive oxygen species. Journal of Hy- promise. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 21, 371–374.
pertension, 20, 2221–2232. 145. Phillis, J. W., Song, D., & O’Regan, M. H. (2000). Mechanisms in-
120. Fox, C. H., Mahoney, M. C., Ramsoomair, D., et al. (2003). Magne- volved in coronary artery dilatation during respiratory acidosis in the
sium deficiency in African-Americans: Does it contribute to increased isolated perfused rat heart. Basic Research in Cardiology, 95, 93–97.
cardiovascular risk factors? Journal of the National Medical Association, 146. Najarian, T., Marrache, A. M., Dumont, I., et al. (2000). Prolonged hy-
95, 257–262. percapnia-evoked cerebral hyperemia via K(
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121. Dickinson, H. O., Nicolson, D. J., Campbell, F., et al. (2006). Magne- E(2)-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase induction. Circulation
sium supplementation for the management of essential hypertension in Research, 87, 1149–1156.
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adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3: CD004640. 147. Mizuno, S., Demura, Y., Ameshima, S., et al. (2002). Alkalosis stimu-
122. Fox, C., Ramsoomair, D., & Carter, C. (2001). Magnesium: Its proven lates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in cultured human pulmonary ar-
and potential clinical significance. Southern Medical Journal, 94, terial endothelial cells. American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular
1195–1201. and Molecular Physiology, 283, L113–L119.
123. Ortega-Carnicer, J., de la Nieta, D. S., & Alcazar, R. (2001). Acute my- 148. Kraut, J. A., & Madias, N. E. (2007). Serum anion gap: Its uses and lim-
ocardial injury caused presumably by coronary spasm after magnesium itations in clinical medicine. Clinical Journal of the American Society of
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fluoro-silicate ingestion. Journal of Electrocardiology, 34, 335–337. Nephrology, 2, 162–174.