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934 Part VII: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells Chapter 60: Structure and Composition of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils 935

Gene expression profiling has provided rich insights into the TABLE 60–8. Unbound Amino Acid Concentrations in
capacity of the mature neutrophil to change in response to envi-
ronmental stimuli. Following exposure to 10 ng/mL Escherichia coli Leukocytes (Lymphocytes Included)
114
LPS, 307 genes are activated or repressed. These changes include Amino Acid μmol/kg Water*
transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, surface Alanine 2881 ± 256
antigens, toll-like receptors, and members of immune mediator gene
115
families. Major changes in gene expression occur following LPS, Arginine <290
117
116
migration in wounds, activation by phagocytosis, or during the Ergothioneine <300
processes of apoptosis. These findings indicate that the neutrophil Ethanolamine <250
118
is a transcriptionally active cell responsive to environmental stimuli
and capable of a complex series of both early and late changes in Glutamic acid 2745 ± 251
gene expression. Glutamine 2650 ± 251
Histidine 762 ± 70
OTHER BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES Leucine plus isoleucine 1999 ± 195
OF NEUTROPHILS. Lysine 2111 ± 216
Methionine 391 ± 54
The neutrophil is particularly rich in glycogen. The concentration of
this complex polysaccharide has been reported to average 7.36 mg/10 O-phosphoethanolamine 2651 ± 389
9
cells. 119–121 The rate of glucose metabolism by neutrophils is affected Ornithine 1767 ± 113
by insulin in diabetics but not in normal subjects. 122,123 Inflammatory
activation of normal neutrophils stimulates glucose uptake. The plasma Phenylalanine 647 ± 105
membrane and the membranes of the intracellular organelles are rich Proline 862 ± 79
in lipids. Five percent of the wet weight of neutrophils is lipid, which Serine plus glycine 13,021 ± 1480
is distributed among various classes, as shown in Table 60–7. 124,125 The
rare polyphosphoinositides are of special interest as sources of inositol Taurine 28,683 ± 2726
1,4,5-trisphosphate (a calcium-releasing mediator) and diacylglycerol Threonine 2345 ± 174
(which activates protein kinase C). 126,127 The main glycolipid of neu- Tryptophan 222 ± 31
trophils is lactosylceramide. 128
The reduced glutathione content of neutrophils is 9.8 nmol/10 Tyrosine 480 ± 97
7
129
cells. The protein content of the neutrophil is 74.2 ± 3.1 (mean ± 1 SE Valine 1335 ± 132
[standard error]) mg/10 cells. These proteins include those of the struc-
9
tural matrix of the neutrophil; proteins required for its locomotion, che- *Mean ± 1 SD.
motactic properties, and adhesiveness; and the many granule proteins
with bactericidal, hydrolytic, and inflammatory functions. Table 60–8
summarizes the unbound amino acid concentration in neutrophils. The average folic acid content of the leukocytes of normal subjects
Table 60–9 summarizes the levels of nucleotides in the neu- is 0.1 mcg/mL of packed leukocytes. Approximately 20 percent of the
trophils. 130,131 Neutrophils contain all the forms of RNA needed for pro- folic acid is free and the remainder conjugated. The cocarboxylate con-
135
11
tein synthesis. 132,133 The DNA content of neutrophils is identical to that tent of neutrophils is 340 mcg/10 cells, pyridoxal phosphate 0.24 to
137
6
136
of all other haploid cells, at 0.7 pg DNA phosphorus per cell. 134 0.38 ng/10 cells, thiamine 67.5 ± 4.1 mcg/100 mL, ascorbic acid
16.5 ± 5.1 mg/100 mL, and folate 92 ng/mL. 138
137
TABLE 60–7. Lipid Composition of Neutrophils
Lipid Content (%) TABLE 60–9. Nucleotides in Leukocytes (Lymphocytes
Phospholipid 35 Included)
9
Phosphatidylcholine 12 Nucleotide nmol/10 Cells
(Mean ± SE)
Phosphatidylethanolamine 12
NAD (nicotinamide adenine 32 ± 2.0
Sphingomyelin 6.5 dinucleotide)
Phosphatidylserine 1.5 NADH (reduced form of nicotin- 25 ± 2.3
Phosphatidylinositol 1.5 amide adenine dinucleotide)
Phosphatidic acid 1.5 NADP (nicotinamide adenine 8 ± 1.5
dinucleotide phosphate)
Triglyceride 20
NADPH (reduced form of nico- 24 ± 39
Glycolipid 16 tinamide adenine dinucleotide
Cholesterol 10 phosphate)
ATP 8800
Data from DiScipio RG, Schraufstatter I U: The role of the comple-
ment anaphylatoxins in the recruitment of eosinophils. Int Immuno- ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 1600
pharmacol 7:1909, 2007 and Sullivan BM, Locksley RM: Basophils: a AMP (adenosine monophosphate) 6100
nonredundant contributor to host immunity. Immunity 30:12, 2009.

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