Page 302 - Clinical Immunology_ Principles and Practice ( PDFDrive )

CHaPTEr 19 Host Defenses in Skin 283

ON THE HOrIZON 11. Schauber J, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune
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• Identification of T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells as important mediators 12. Schauber J, et al. Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial
of the inflammatory response has provided the impetus for development peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin
of interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitory antibodies for the treatment of Invest 2007;117(3):803–11.
psoriasis. Because IL-23 promotes Th17-cell development, antibodies 13. Dorschner RA, Williams MR, Gallo RL. Rosacea, the face of innate
that block that molecule are being evaluated as therapeutic agents immunity. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(6):1282–4.
as well. 14. Morizane S, Gallo RL. Antimicrobial peptides in the pathogenesis of
• The availability of cytokine inhibitors provides an opportunity for physi- psoriasis. J Dermatol 2012;39(3):225–30.
cians to broaden the spectrum of skin diseases for which they can 15. Heath WR, Carbone FR. Dendritic cell subsets in primary and secondary
be used. Agents that inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), for T cell responses at body surfaces. Nat Immunol 2009;10(12):1237–44.
example, are being evaluated for the management of immunologically 16. Clausen BE, Kel JM. Langerhans cells: critical regulators of skin
mediated skin diseases, including hidradenitis suppurativa. immunity? Immunol Cell Biol 2010;88(4):351–60.
• Cell-surface receptors have been detected that allow specific subpopula- 17. Henri S, et al. Disentangling the complexity of the skin dendritic cell
tions of T cells to migrate into skin. Agents that block these receptors
are being evaluated as a treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma network. Immunol Cell Biol 2010;88(4):366–75.
and inflammatory diseases of skin, in which skin-homing T cells are 18. Clark RA. Skin-resident T cells: the ups and downs of on site immunity. J
fundamental to the disease process. This provides enhanced treatment Invest Dermatol 2010;130(2):362–70.
specificity leaving the functions of those T cells that circulate to other 19. Eyerich S, et al. Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset
parts of the body intact. involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling. J Invest Dermatol
• Several different types of dendritic cells (DCs) are present in skin that 2009;119(12):3573–85.
are specialized in the subpopulations of T cells that they activate. 20. He D, et al. CD8+ IL-17-producing T cells are important in effector
Recognition of this fact provides the basis for methods to improve functions for the elicitation of contact hypersensitivity responses. J
vaccination procedures. It is likely that in the next several years Immunol 2006;177(10):6852–8.
cutaneous DCs will be employed for vaccination against tumors, such 21. Schroder K, et al. Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms
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• As involvement of cytokines in cutaneous diseases continues to be 22. Ogg G. Role of T cells in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp
clarified, they will be employed to manipulate the immune response Allergy 2009;39(3):310–16.
in an expanding list of immunologically mediated skin diseases, such 23. Simpson EL, et al. Dupilumab therapy provides clinically meaningful
as vitiligo, alopecia areata, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and improvement in patient-reported outcomes (PROs): A phase IIb,
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24. Li H, et al. Interleukin-17 mediated inflammatory responses are required
Please check your eBook at https://expertconsult.inkling.com/ for ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression. Photochem
for self-assessment questions. See inside cover for registration Photobiol 2015;91(1):235–41.
details. 25. Beissert S, Schwarz A, Schwarz T. Regulatory T cells. J Invest Dermatol
2006;126(1):15–24.
26. Elmets CA, et al. Analysis of the mechanism of unresponsiveness
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