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12. Rocks that are formed from molten minerals are
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS
a. sedimentary.
b. igneous.
1. A naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with c. volcanic.
a crystalline structure is a d. metamorphic.
a. mineral. 13. Igneous rock that slowly cooled deep below Earth’s crust is
b. crystal. a. intrusive.
c. rock. b. extrusive.
d. stone. c. magma.
2. A structural unit that is repeated in three dimensions is called a d. sedimentary.
a. mineral. 14. The rocks that make up the bulk of Earth’s continents are
b. rock. a. basalt.
c. crystal. b. olivine.
d. glass. c. granite.
3. Which element is the most abundant in Earth’s crust? d. clay minerals.
a. Oxygen 15. The rocks that make up the ocean basins and much of Earth’s
b. Silicon interior are
c. Sodium a. basalt.
d. Aluminum b. sandstone.
4. Minerals are classified as c. granite.
a. silicates. d. clay minerals.
b. nonsilicates. 16. Rocks that are formed from particles of other rocks or from
c. silicates or nonsilicates. dissolved materials from previously existing rocks are classified as
d. silicates and oxides. a. sedimentary.
5. The most abundant class of nonsilicates is the b. igneous.
a. oxides. c. silicates.
b. sulfates. d. metamorphic.
c. halides. 17. Accumulations of silt, sand, or other materials that settle out of
d. carbonates. water are called
6. Silicates are classified into two groups based on the presence of a. precipitates.
a. iron and manganese. b. solutes.
b. iron and magnesium. c. clay.
c. aluminum and iron. d. sediments.
d. calcium and potassium. 18. Limestone and dolomite are
7. The color of a mineral when it is finely powdered is defined as the a. sandstone.
a. streak. b. carbonates.
b. spot. c. evaporates.
c. luster. d. silicates.
d. color. 19. Heat and pressure change rocks into
8. The hardness of a mineral is rated using the a. igneous rocks.
a. hardness scale. b. sedimentary rocks.
b. Richter scale. c. metamorphic rocks.
c. Mohs scale. d. clastic rocks.
d. cleavage scale. 20. The relationship between rocks that are continually changing
9. The ratio of the mineral’s density to the density of water is over long periods of time is called
a. 1 g/mL. a. geology.
b. specific gravity. b. mineralogy.
3
c. 1 g/cm . c. rock cycle.
d. specific density. d. weathering.
10. Molten rock material from which minerals crystallize is called 21. The thin layer that covers Earth’s surface is the
a. rock salts. a. continental shelf.
b. liquid crystals. b. crust.
c. magma. c. mantle.
d. the mother lode. d. core.
11. An aggregation of one or more minerals that have been brought 22. Based on its abundance in Earth’s crust, most rocks will contain a
together into a cohesive solid is a mineral composed of oxygen and the element
a. silicate. a. sulfur.
b. rock. b. carbon.
c. clay mineral. c. silicon.
d. magma. d. iron.

450 CHAPTER 17 Rocks and Minerals 17-18