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Building

19 Earth’s
19

Surface

Folding, faulting, and lava flows, such as the one you see here, tend to build
up, or elevate, Earth’s surface.

CORE CONCEPT

The surface of Earth is involved in plate tectonic processes
that result in an ongoing building up of the surface.

OUTLINE

19.1 Interpreting Earth’s Surface
Interpreting Earth’s Surface 19.2 Diastrophism Stress and Strain
The surface of Earth undergoes Stress and Strain Rocks are subjected to forces
slow, uniform change, and the Folding
Faulting associated with plate tectonics
geologic processes responsible for
19.3 Earthquakes and other forces.
the change are the same today as
Causes of Earthquakes
they were in the distant past. Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
Measuring Earthquake Strength
A Closer Look: Earthquake Safety Faulting
Folding 19.4 Origin of Mountains Stress on cooler, less plastic
layers of horizontal rocks
Stress on deeply buried layers Folded and Faulted Mountains can result in breaking of the
Volcanic Mountains
of horizontal rocks can result A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change layers with relative movement,
in a wrinkling of the layers into the World producing a fault.
folds. People Behind the Science:
James Hutton

Origin of Mountains
Earthq uakes Mountain ranges are features of
Stress on deeply buried rock can folding and faulting on a very
result in fracture that produces large scale; a volcano is a hill or
vibrations, and the resulting mountain formed by lava or rock
quaking, shaking, and upheaval fragments from magma below.
of the ground is an earthquake.

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