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35. The principle of uniformity has a basic frame of reference. This 46. An earthquake is
frame of reference is a. the result of the sudden release of energy that comes from
a. plate tectonics. stress on rock.
b. continental drift. b. ground displacement and motion.
c. changes and deformations of rocks today and in the past. c. the cause of tsunamis.
d. compressive strain. d. All of the above are correct.
36. What is not considered a type of strain? 47. The Black Hills in South Dakota and the Adirondack Mountains
a. Elastic in New York are
b. Plastic a. arched mountains.
c. Rigidity b. domed mountains.
d. Fracture c. volcanic mountains.
37. How a rock responds to stress and strain does not depend on the d. compressed mountains.
a. nature of the rock. 48. The Appalachian Mountains were formed when
b. temperature of the rock. a. North America split from South America.
c. pressure on the rock. b. North America collided with Europe and Africa.
d. mass of the rock. c. North America collided with South America.
38. Which rock is more likely to break under stress? d. North America split from Europe and Africa.
a. Cold rock 49. Mountains that were formed as a result of volcanic eruptions
b. Hot rock are the
c. Rock deep in Earth a. Alps.
d. Rock under great pressure b. Cascades.
39. Rocks near or on the surface c. Rockies.
a. are not cooler than those below the surface. d. Appalachians.
b. are not hotter than those below the surface. 50. The source of magma for the Mount St. Helens volcano is the
c. are less brittle. a. Cascade Mountains.
d. are under greater pressure. b. subduction of the continental lithosphere under the Juan de
40. Rocks recover their original shape after strain is released. This Fuca Plate.
type of strain is called c. subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the continental
a. plastic strain. lithosphere.
b. elastic strain. d. continental lithosphere to Juan de Fuca Plate divergence.
c. fracture strain. Answers
d. pop-up strain.
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. c 11. b 12. b 13. d 14. a
41. Which is not a type of fault? 15. b 16. b 17. a 18. d 19. c 20. c 21. a 22. c 23. b 24. a 25. d 26. c
a. Normal 27. d 28. c 29. a 30. a 31. b 32. d 33. b 34. b 35. c 36. c 37. d 38. a
b. Reverse 39. b 40. b 41. d 42. a 43. c 44. a 45. d 46. d 47. b 48. b 49. b 50. c
c. Thrust
d. Forward
42. Where do most earthquakes occur? QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT
a. Along plate boundaries
b. In the oceans
1. What is the principle of uniformity? What are the underlying
c. On ridges
assumptions of this principle?
d. Along the Moho discontinuity
2. Describe the responses of rock layers to increasing compressional
43. The name of the fault that is of concern to people living along the
stress when it (a) increases slowly on deeply buried, warm layers,
Mississippi River is the
(b) increases slowly on cold rock layers, and (c) is applied quickly
a. Mississippi fault.
to rock layers of any temperature.
b. Memphis fault.
3. Describe the difference between a syncline and an anticline,
c. New Madrid fault.
using sketches as necessary.
d. Missouri fault.
4. What does the presence of folded sedimentary rock layers mean
44. P-waves travel __________ S-waves.
about the geologic history of an area?
a. faster than
5. Describe the conditions that would lead to faulting as opposed to
b. slower than
folding of rock layers.
c. farther than
d. at the same rate as 6. How would plate tectonics explain the occurrence of normal
faulting? Reverse faulting?
45. The epicenter is located by
a. measuring how long the earthquake lasts. 7. What is an earthquake? What produces an earthquake?
b. measuring the time difference between P- and S-waves. 8. Where would the theory of plate tectonics predict that
c. using time data from several seismographs to triangulate the earthquakes would occur?
location. 9. Describe how the location of an earthquake is identified by a
d. b and c seismic recording station.
19-21 CHAPTER 19 Building Earth’s Surface 497