Page 518 - 9780077418427.pdf

/Users/user-f465/Desktop
tiL12214_ch19_477-500.indd Page 495 9/3/10 6:23 PM user-f465
tiL12214_ch19_477-500.indd Page 495 9/3/10 6:23 PM user-f465 /Users/user-f465/Desktop

folds. The most common are an arch-shaped fold called an anticline 4. Rock stress caused by two plates moving together is
and a trough-shaped fold called a syncline. Anticlines and synclines are a. compressive stress.
most easily observed in sedimentary rocks because they have bedding b. tensional stress.
planes, or layers. c. shear stress.
d. transform stress.
Rocks near the surface tend to break from a sudden stress. A break
without movement of the rock is called a joint. When movement does 5. Adjustment to stress is defined as
a. release.
occur between the rocks on one side of a break relative to the other
b. strain.
side, the break is called a fault.
c. pressure.
The vibrations that move out as waves from the movement of
d. relief.
rocks are called an earthquake. The actual place where an earthquake
6. Rocks at great depths are under
originates is called its focus. The place on the surface directly above a
a. lower temperature and higher pressure.
focus is called an epicenter. There are three kinds of waves that travel
b. higher temperature and higher pressure.
from the focus: S-, P-, and surface waves. The magnitude of earthquake c. higher temperature and lower pressure.
waves is measured on the Richter scale. d. lower temperature and lower pressure.
Folding and faulting produce prominent features on the surface 7. A bend in layered bedrock that resulted from stress is called a
called mountains. Mountains can be classified as having a folding, fault- a. fracture.
ing, or volcanic origin. In general, mountains that occur in long, narrow b. fold.
belts called ranges have an origin that can be explained by plate tectonics. c. fault.
d. twist.
8. Folds that resemble an arch are called
KEY TERMS a. inverted basins.
b. clines.
anticline (p. 480) c. anticlines.
earthquake (p. 484) d. synclines.
elastic rebound (p. 484) 9. A fold that forms a trough is called a (an)
fault (p. 482) a. syncline.
focus (p. 484) b. basin.
folds (p. 480) c. inverted arch.
d. semicline.
mountains (p. 489)
normal fault (p. 482) 10. Movement between rocks on one side of a fracture relative to the
rocks on the other side of the fracture is called a
principle of uniformity (p. 478)
a. fracture.
reverse fault (p. 483)
b. transformation.
Richter scale (p. 487)
c. fault.
strain (p. 480) d. displacement.
stress (p. 480)
11. The actual place where seismic waves originate is the earthquake
syncline (p. 480) a. epicenter.
tsunami (p. 488) b. focus.
volcano (p. 490) c. root.
d. source.
12. The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS
an earthquake is called the
a. fault line.
1. The premise that the present is the key to understanding the past b. epicenter.
is called c. source.
a. history. d. quake starting point.
b. principle of uniformity. 13. An earthquake that occurs in the upper part of the mantle
c. principles of geology. is called
d. philosophy. a. shallow focus.
2. The process of deformation that changes Earth’s surface is called b. deep focus.
a. continental drift. c. lithosphere focus.
b. plate tectonics. d. intermediate focus.
c. diastrophism. 14. The majority of earthquakes (85 percent) are
d. volcanism. a. shallow focus.
3. A force that compresses, pulls apart, or deforms a rock is called b. deep focus.
a. stress. c. lithosphere focus.
b. strain. d. intermediate focus.
c. pressure.
d. tension.

19-19 CHAPTER 19 Building Earth’s Surface 495