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15. The size of an earthquake is measured by 25. Whether a rock layer subjected to stress undergoes elastic
a. how many buildings are damaged deformation, plastic deformation, or rupture depends on
b. the amount of energy released at the focus. a. the temperature of the rock.
c. the height of the tsunami it generated. b. the confining pressure on the rock.
d. the time of the earthquake. c. how quickly or how slowly the stress is applied over time.
16. The energy of the vibrations or the magnitude of an earthquake d. All of the above are correct.
is reported using the 26. When subjected to stress, rocks buried at great depths are under
a. seismograph numbers. great pressure at high temperatures, so they tend to undergo
b. Richter scale. a. no change because of the pressure.
c. magnitude scale. b. elastic deformation because of the high temperature.
d. bigone scale. c. plastic deformation.
17. Earthquakes are detected and measured by d. breaking or rupture.
a. a seismometer. 27. A sedimentary rock layer that has not been subjected to stress
b. a Geiger counter. occurs naturally as
c. Doppler radar. a. a basin, or large downward-bulging fold.
d. oil well monitors. b. a dome, or a large upward-bulging fold.
18. Elevated parts of Earth’s crust that rise above the surrounding c. a series of anticlines and synclines.
surface are called d. beds, or horizontal layers.
a. ridges. 28. The difference between a joint and a fault is that
b. hills. a. the fault is larger.
c. plateaus. b. the fault is a long, far-ranging fracture, and a joint is short.
d. mountains. c. relative movement has occurred on either side of a fault.
19. Which of the following is not a classification of mountain origin? d. All of the above are correct.
a. Folding 29. A fault where the footwall has moved upward relative to the
b. Faulting hanging wall is called a
c. Parallel a. normal fault.
d. Volcanic b. reverse fault.
20. Mountains that rise sharply from surrounding land along a c. thrust fault.
steeply inclined fault plane are d. None of the above is correct.
a. weathered mountains. 30. Reverse faulting probably resulted from which type of stress?
b. domed mountains. a. Compressional stress
c. fault block mountains. b. Pulling-apart stress
d. folded mountains. c. A twisting stress
21. A large amount of magma that has crystallized beneath Earth’s d. Stress associated with diverging tectonic plates
surface is a 31. Earthquakes that occur at the boundary between two tectonic
a. batholith. plates moving against each other take place along
b. monolith. a. the entire length of the boundary at once.
c. sill. b. short segments of the boundary at different times.
d. laccolith. c. the entire length of the boundary at different times.
22. The most abundant extrusive rock is d. None of the above is correct.
a. granite. 32. Each higher number of the Richter scale
b. silicate. a. increases with the magnitude of an earthquake.
c. basalt. b. means 10 times more ground movement.
d. limestone. c. indicates about 30 times more energy is released.
23. The basic difference between the frame of reference called the d. All of the above are correct.
principle of uniformity and the catastrophic frame of reference 33. The removal of “older” crust from the surface of Earth is
used by previous thinkers is that accomplished by
a. the energy requirements for catastrophic changes are much less. a. erosion.
b. the principle of uniformity requires more time for changes to b. subduction.
take place. c. transform strain.
c. catastrophic changes have a greater probability of occurring. d. volcanoes.
d. None of the above is correct. 34. Hutton observed that rocks, rock structures, and features of
24. The difference between elastic deformation and plastic deformation Earth are all related. This relationship is called
of rocks is that plastic deformation a. history.
a. permanently alters the shape of a rock layer. b. principle of uniformity.
b. always occurs just before a rock layer breaks. c. principles of geology.
c. results in the rock returning to its original shape after the d. philosophy.
pressure is removed.
d. All of the above are correct.

496 CHAPTER 19 Building Earth’s Surface 19-20