Page 733 - 9780077418427.pdf

s
/207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefile
tiL12214_glo_G1-G16.indd Page Sec1:708 9/21/10 9:56 PM user-f465
tiL12214_glo_G1-G16.indd Page Sec1:708 9/21/10 9:56 PM user-f465
normal a line perpendicular to the surface
middle latitudes latitudes equally far from N /207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
the poles and equator; between the high of a boundary
natural frequency the frequency of vibra-
and low latitudes normal fault a fault where the hanging wall
tion of an elastic object that depends on
mineral a naturally occurring, inorganic has moved downward with respect to the
the size, composition, and shape of the
solid element or chemical compound with footwall
object
a crystalline structure north celestial pole a point directly above
neap tide a period of less pronounced high
miscible fluids fluids that can mix in any the North Pole of Earth; the point above the
and low tides: occurs when the Sun and the
proportion north pole on the celestial sphere
Moon are at right angles to each other
mixture matter made of unlike parts that north pole the north pole of a magnet or
nebula a diffuse mass of interstellar clouds
have a variable composition and can be lodestone is “north-seeking,” meaning that
of hydrogen gas or dust
separated into their component parts by the pole of a magnet points northward
negative electric charge one of the two
physical means when the magnet is free to turn
types of electric charge; repels other nega-
model a mental or physical representation of nova a star that explodes or suddenly erupts
tive charges and attracts positive charges
something that cannot be observed directly and increases in brightness
negative ion an atom or a particle that has a
that is usually used as an aid to understanding nuclear energy the form of energy from
surplus, or imbalance, of electrons and thus
moderator a substance in a nuclear reactor reactions involving the nucleus, the inner-
a negative charge
that slows fast neutrons so the neutrons can most part of an atom
net force the resulting force after all vector
participate in nuclear reactions nuclear fission the nuclear reaction of split-
forces have been added; if a net force is
Mohorovicic discontinuity the boundary ting a massive nucleus into more stable,
zero, all the forces have canceled one an-
between the crust and mantle that is less massive nuclei with an accompanying
other and there is not an unbalanced force
marked by a sharp increase in the velocity release of energy
neutralized acid or base properties have
of seismic waves as they pass from the crust nuclear force one of four fundamental forces,
been lost through a chemical reaction
to the mantle a strong force of attraction that operates
neutron a neutral subatomic particle usually
molarity a measure of the concentration of over very short distances between sub-
found in the nucleus of an atom
a solution; the number of moles of a solute atomic particles; this force overcomes the
neutron star very small superdense remains
dissolved in 1 liter of solution electric repulsion of protons in a nucleus
of a supernova with a center core of pure
mold the preservation of the shape of an or- and binds the nucleus together
neutrons
ganism by the dissolution of the remains of nuclear fusion the nuclear reaction of low-
new crust zone the zone of a divergent bound-
a buried organism, leaving an empty space mass nuclei fusing together to form more
ary where new crust is formed by magma
where the remains were stable and more massive nuclei with an
upwelling at the boundary
mole an amount of a substance that contains accompanying release of energy
new moon the moon phase when the Moon
Avogadro’s number of atoms, ions, mol- nuclear reactor a steel vessel in which a con-
is between Earth and the Sun and the entire
ecules, or any other chemical unit; 1 mole side of the Moon facing Earth is dark trolled chain reaction of fissionable materi-
23
is thus 6.02 × 10 atoms, ions, or other 2 als releases energy
newton a unit of force defined as kg∙m/s ;
chemical units nucleons the name used to refer to both the
that is, a 1 newton force is needed to accel-
molecular formula a chemical formula that 2 protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
erate a 1 kg mass 1 m/s
identifies the actual numbers of atoms in a atom
noble gas members of family VIII of the pe-
molecule nucleus the tiny, relatively massive and posi-
riodic table, having common properties of
molecular weight the formula weight of a tively charged center of an atom contain-
colorless, odorless, chemically inert gases;
molecular substance ing protons and neutrons; the small, dense
also known as rare gases or inert gases
molecule from the chemical point of view, a center of an atom
node region on a standing wave that does
particle composed of two or more atoms held numerical constant a constant without
not oscillate
together by an attractive force called a chemi- units; a number
noise sounds made up of groups of waves of
cal bond; from the kinetic theory point of
random frequency and intensity
view, the smallest particle of a compound or O
nonelectrolytes water solutions that do not
gaseous element that can exist and still retain oblate spheroid the shape of Earth—a
conduct an electric current; covalent com-
the characteristic properties of a substance somewhat squashed spherical shape
pounds that form molecular solutions and
momentum the product of the mass of an observed lapse rate the rate of change in
cannot conduct an electric current
object and its velocity temperature compared to change in altitude
nonferromagnesian silicates silicates that
monadnocks hills of resistant rock that are occluded front a front that has been lifted
do not contain iron or magnesium ions; ex-
found on peneplains completely off the ground into the atmo-
amples include the minerals of muscovite
monosaccharides simple sugars that are sphere, forming a cyclonic storm
(white mica), the feldspars, and quartz
mostly 6-carbon molecules such as glucose ocean the single, continuous body of salt
nonmetal an element that is brittle (when a
and fructose water on the surface of Earth
solid), does not have a metallic luster, is a
moraines deposits of bulldozed rocks and ocean basin the deep bottom of the ocean
poor conductor of heat and electricity, and
other mounded materials left behind by a floor, which starts beyond the continental
is not malleable or ductile
melted glacier slope
nonsilicates minerals that do not have the
mountain a natural elevation of Earth’s ocean currents streams of water within the
silicon-oxygen tetrahedra in their crystal
crust that rises above the surrounding surface ocean that stay in about the same path as
structure
mudflow a mass movement of a slurry of they move over large distances; steady and
noon the event of time when the Sun moves
debris and water with the consistency of a continuous onward movement of a channel
across the celestial meridian
thick milkshake of water in the ocean
Glossary G-10