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ocean wave a moving disturbance that trav- from one atom to another; sometimes petroleum oil that comes from oil-bearing s
els across the surface of the ocean called “redox” for short rock, a mixture of hydrocarbons that is
oceanic ridges long, high, continuous, sub- oxidizing agents substances that take elec- believed to have formed from ancient
oceanic mountain chains—for example, trons from other substances accumulations of buried organic materials
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the center of the such as remains of algae
Atlantic Ocean Basin P Phanerozoic the eon of an abundant fossil
oceanic trenches long, narrow, deep troughs Paleozoic one of four geologic eras; time of records and living organisms
with steep sides that run parallel to the ancient life, meaning the fossils from this phase change the action of a substance
edges of continents time period are very different from any- changing from one state of matter to an-
octet rule a generalization that helps keep thing living on Earth today other; a phase change always absorbs or
track of the valence electrons in most rep- parallel circuit for batteries, all positive releases internal potential energy that is not
resentative elements; atoms of the repre- terminals are connected and all negative associated with a temperature change
sentative elements (A families) attempt to terminals are connected; lightbulbs in a par- phases of matter the different physical
acquire an outer orbital with eight elec- allel circuit have alternate branches for the forms that matter can take as a result of dif-
trons through chemical reactions current to follow ferent molecular arrangements, resulting in
ohm the unit of resistance; equivalent to parallels reference lines on Earth used to characteristics of the common phases of a
volts/amps identify where in the world you are north- solid, liquid, or gas
Ohm’s law the electric potential difference is ward or southward from the equator; east photoelectric effect the movement of elec-
directly proportional to the product of the and west running circles that are parallel trons in some materials as a result of energy
current and the resistance to the equator on a globe with the distance acquired from absorbed light
oil field petroleum accumulated and from the equator called the latitude photon a quantum of energy in a light wave;
trapped in extensive porous rock structure parts per billion a concentration ratio of the particle associated with light
or structures parts of solute in every 1 billion parts of pH scale the scale that measures the acidity
oils organic compounds of esters formed solution (ppb); could be expressed as ppb of a solution with numbers below 7 repre-
from glycerol and three long-chain carbox- by volume or as ppb by weight senting acids, 7 representing neutral, and
ylic acids that are also called triglycerides; parts per million a concentration ratio of numbers above 7 representing bases
called fats in animals and oils in plants parts of solute in every 1 million parts of physical change a change of the state of a sub-
Oort cloud a spherical “cloud” of small, icy solution (ppm); could be expressed as ppm stance but not the identity of the substance
bodies from 30,000 AU out to a light-year by volume or as ppm by weight pitch the frequency of a sound wave
from the Sun; the source of long-period Pauli exclusion principle no two electrons Planck’s constant the proportionality con-
comets in an atom can have the same four quan- stant in the relationship between the energy
opaque materials that do not allow the tum numbers; thus, a maximum of two of vibrating molecules and their frequency
transmission of any light electrons can occupy a given orbital of vibration; a value of 6.63 × 10 −34 J⋅s
orbital the region of space around the nucleus peneplain a nearly flat landform that is the plane of the ecliptic the plane of Earth’s orbit
of an atom where an electron is likely to be end result of the weathering and erosion of planet an object that is orbiting the Sun, is
found the land surface nearly spherical, and is large enough to
organic acids acids derived from organisms; penumbra the zone of partial darkness in a clear all matter from its orbital zone
organic compounds with a general formula shadow plasma a phase of matter; a very hot gas
of RCOOH, where R is one of the hydro- percent by volume the volume of solute in consisting of electrons and atoms that have
carbon groups—for example, methyl or 100 volumes of solution been stripped of their electrons because of
ethyl percent by weight the weight of solute in high kinetic energies
organic chemistry the study of compounds 100 weight units of solution plastic strain an adjustment to stress in which
in which carbon is the principal element perigee when the Moon’s elliptical orbit materials become molded or bent out of
orientation of Earth’s axis the direction brings the Moon closest to Earth shape under stress and do not return to their
that Earth’s axis points; considered to be the period (geologic time) subdivision of geo- original shape after the stress is released
same throughout the year logic era plate tectonics the theory that Earth’s crust
origin the only point on a graph where both period (periodic table) horizontal rows of is made of rigid plates that float on the up-
the x and y variables have a value of zero at elements with increasing atomic numbers; per mantle
the same time runs from left to right on the element table plunging folds synclines and anticlines that
overtones higher resonant frequencies that period (wave) the time required for one are not parallel to the surface of Earth
occur at the same time as the fundamental complete cycle of a wave polar air mass a cold air mass that forms in
frequency, giving a musical instrument its periodic law similar physical and chemi- cold regions
characteristic sound quality cal properties recur periodically when the polar climate zone the climate zone of the
oxbow lake a small body of water, or lake, elements are listed in order of increasing high latitudes; average monthly tempera-
that formed when two bends of a stream atomic number tures stay below 10°C (50°F), even during
came together and cut off a meander permeability the ability to transmit fluids the warmest month of the year
oxidation the process of a substance losing through openings, small passageways, or polar covalent bond a covalent bond in
electrons during a chemical reaction; a gaps which there is an unequal sharing of bond-
reaction between oxygen and the minerals permineralization the process that forms a ing electrons
making up rocks fossil by alteration of an organism’s buried polarized light whose constituent transverse
oxidation reduction reaction a chemical remains by circulating groundwater depos- waves are all vibrating in the same plane;
reaction in which electrons are transferred iting calcium carbonate, silica, or pyrite also known as plane-polarized light

G-11 Glossary