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source and that serve as an important supersaturated containing more than the thrust fault a reverse fault with a low-angle s
source of food for animals normal saturation amount of a solute at a fault plane
stationary front occurs when the edge of a given temperature thunderstorm a brief, intense electrical
front is not advancing surf the zone where breakers occur; the wa- storm with rain, lightning, thunder, strong
steam generator a part of nuclear power ter zone between the shoreline and the out- winds, and sometimes hail
plant; the heat exchanger that heats feed- ermost boundary of the breakers tidal bore a strong tidal current, sometimes
water from the secondary loop to steam surface wave a seismic wave that moves resembling a wave, produced in very long,
with the very hot water from the primary across Earth’s surface, spreading across the very narrow bays as the tide rises
loop surface as water waves spread on the sur- tidal currents a steady and continuous on-
step-down transformer a transformer that face of a pond from a disturbance ward movement of water produced in nar-
decreases the voltage of a current S-wave a sideways, or shear, wave in which a row bays by the tides
step-up transformer a transformer that in- disturbance vibrates materials from side to tides the periodic rise and fall of the level of
creases the voltage of a current side, perpendicular to the direction of wave the sea from the gravitational attraction of
stony-iron meteorites meteorites composed movement the Moon and Sun
of silicate minerals and metallic iron S-wave shadow zone a region of Earth more tornado a long, narrow, funnel-shaped col-
stony meteorites meteorites composed than 103° of arc away from the epicenter of an umn of violently whirling air from a thun-
mostly of silicate minerals that usually earthquake where S-waves are not recorded; dercloud that moves destructively over a
make up rocks on Earth believed to be the result of the core of Earth narrow path when it touches the ground
storm a rapid and violent weather change being a liquid, or at least acting as a liquid total internal reflection the condition
with strong winds, heavy rain, snow, or hail swell regular groups of low-profile, long- where all light is reflected back from a
strain adjustment to stress; a rock unit wavelength waves that move continuously boundary between materials; occurs when
might respond to stress by changes in vol- syncline a trough-shaped fold in layered light arrives at a boundary at the critical
ume, changes in shape, or breaking bedrock angle or beyond
stratopause the upper boundary of the synodic month the interval of time from total solar eclipse an eclipse that occurs
stratosphere new moon to new moon (or any two con- when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are
stratosphere the layer of the atmosphere secutive identical phases) lined up so the new moon completely cov-
above the troposphere where temperature ers the disk of the Sun; the umbra of the
increases with height Moon’s shadow falls on the surface of Earth
stream a large or small body of running water T transform boundaries in plate tectonics,
stress a force that tends to compress, pull talus steep, conical or apronlike accumula- boundaries that occur between two plates
apart, or deform rock; stress on rocks in the tions of rock fragments at the base of a slope sliding horizontally by each other along
earth’s solid outer crust results as Earth’s temperate climate zone climate zone of the a long, vertical fault; sudden jerks along
plates move into, away from, or alongside middle latitudes; average monthly temper- the boundary result in the vibrations of
one another atures stay between 10°C and 18°C (50°F earthquakes
strong acid an acid that ionizes completely and 64°F) throughout the year transformer a device consisting of a pri-
in water, with all molecules dissociating temperature how hot or how cold some- mary coil of wire connected to a source of
into ions thing is; a measure of the average kinetic alternating current and a secondary coil of
strong base a base that is completely ionic in energy of the molecules making up a sub- wire in which electromagnetic induction
solution and has hydroxide ions stance increases or decreases the voltage of the
subduction zone the region of a convergent tensional stress the opposite of compres- source
boundary where the crust of one plate is sional stress; occurs when one part of a transition elements members of the group B
forced under the crust of another plate into plate moves away from another part that families of the periodic table
the interior of Earth does not move transparent a term describing materials
sublimation the phase change of a solid terrestrial planets the planets Mercury, Ve- that allow the transmission of light—for
directly into a vapor or gas nus, Earth, and Mars that have similar den- example, glass and clear water are transpar-
submarine canyons a feature of the ocean sities and compositions as compared to the ent materials
basin; deep, steep-sided canyons that cut outer giant planets transportation the movement of eroded
through the continental slopes theory a broad, detailed explanation that materials by agents such as rivers, glaciers,
summer solstice in the Northern Hemi- guides the development of hypotheses and wind, or waves
sphere, the time when the Sun reaches interpretations of experiments in a field of transverse wave a mechanical disturbance
its maximum altitude in the sky, which study that causes particles to move perpendicular
occurs on or about June 22 and identifies thermometer a device used to measure the to the direction that the wave is traveling
the beginning of the summer season hotness or coldness of a substance trenches long, relatively narrow, steep-sided
superconductors some materials in which, thermosphere the thin, high, outer atmo- troughs that occur along the edges of the
under certain conditions, the electrical spheric layer of Earth where the molecules ocean basins
resistance approaches zero are far apart and have a high kinetic energy triglyceride an organic compound of esters
supercooled water in the liquid phase third law of motion whenever two objects formed from glycerol and three long-chain
when the temperature is below the freez- interact, the force exerted on one object is carboxylic acids; also called fats in animals
ing point equal in size and opposite in direction to and oil in plants
supernova a rare catastrophic explosion of the force exerted on the other object; forces triple bond a covalent bond formed when
a star into an extremely bright but short- always occur in matched pairs that are three pairs of electrons are shared by two
lived phenomenon equal and opposite atoms

G-15 Glossary