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secondary coil part of a transformer, a coil short circuit a frayed or broken wire that /207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
solvent the component of a solution present
of wire in which the voltage of the original provides a new path of lesser resistance that in the larger amount; the solute dissolves in
alternating current in the primary coil is could allow a dangerous current the solvent to make a solution
stepped up or down by way of electromag- sidereal day the interval between two con- sonic boom sound waves that pile up into a
netic induction secutive crossings of the celestial meridian shock wave when a source is traveling at or
secondary loop a part of a nuclear power by a particular star faster than the speed of sound
plant; the closed-pipe system that carries sidereal month the time interval between sound quality a characteristic of the sound
steam from a steam generator to the tur- two consecutive crossings of the Moon produced by a musical instrument; de-
bines, then back to the steam generator as across any star termined by the presence and relative
feedwater sidereal year the time interval required for strengths of the overtones produced by the
second law of motion the acceleration of an Earth to move around its orbit so that the instrument
object is directly proportional to the net Sun is again in the same position against south celestial pole a point directly above
force acting on that object and inversely the stars the South Pole of Earth; the point above the
proportional to the mass of the object silicates minerals that contain silicon- south pole on the celestial sphere
second law of thermodynamics a statement oxygen tetrahedra either isolated or joined south pole short for “south seeking”; the
that the natural process proceeds from a together in a crystal structure pole of a magnet that points southward
state of higher order to a state of greater sill a tabular-shaped intrusive rock that when it is free to turn
disorder formed when magma moved into the plane specific heat each substance has its own spe-
sedimentary rocks rocks formed from par- of contact between sedimentary rock layers cific heat, which is defined as the amount
ticles or dissolved minerals from previously simple harmonic motion the vibratory mo- of energy (or heat) needed to increase
existing rocks tion that occurs when there is a restoring the temperature of 1 gram of a substance
sediments accumulations of silt, sand, or force opposite to and proportional to a 1 degree Celsius
gravel that settled out of the atmosphere or displacement speed a measure of how fast an object is
out of water single bond covalent bond in which a single moving—the rate of change of position per
seismic waves vibrations that move as waves pair of electrons is shared by two atoms change in time; speed has magnitude only
through any part of the Earth, usually asso- slope the ratio of changes in the y variable to and does not include the direction of change
ciated with earthquakes, volcanoes, or large changes in the x variable or how fast the y spin quantum number from the quantum
explosions value increases as the x value increases mechanics model of the atom, one of four
seismograph an instrument that measures small solar system bodies all objects other descriptions of the energy state of an elec-
and records seismic wave data than planets or dwarf planets that are orbit- tron wave; this quantum number describes
semiarid the climate classification between ing the Sun the spin orientation of an electron relative
arid and humid; receives between 25 and soil a mixture of unconsolidated weathered to an external magnetic field
50 cm (10 and 20 in) of precipitation per earth materials and humus, which is al- spring equinox one of two times a year that
year tered, decay-resistant organic matter daylight and night are of equal length; oc-
semiconductors elements that have prop- solar constant the averaged solar power re- curs on or about March 21 and identifies
erties between those of a metal and those ceived by the outermost part of Earth’s atmo- the beginning of the spring season
of a nonmetal, sometimes conducting an sphere when the sunlight is perpendicular spring tides unusually high and low tides
electric current and sometimes acting as to the outer edge and Earth is at an average that occur every two weeks because of the
an electrical insulator depending on the distance from the Sun; about 1,370 watts per relative positions of Earth, the Moon, and
conditions and their purity; also called square meter the Sun
metalloids solenoid a cylindrical coil of wire that be- standard atmospheric pressure the average
series circuit for batteries, the negative comes electromagnetic when a current atmospheric pressure at sea level, which is
terminal of one cell is connected to the runs through it also known as normal pressure; the stan-
positive terminal of another cell; lightbulbs solids a phase of matter with molecules that dard pressure is 29.92 in or 760.0 mm of
in a series circuit are connected one after remain close to fixed equilibrium posi- mercury (1,013.25 millibar)
the other tions due to strong interactions between standard time zones 15° wide zones de-
shallow-focus earthquakes earthquakes that the molecules, resulting in the character- fined to have the same time throughout
occur from the surface down to 70 km istic definite shape and definite volume of the zone, defined as the mean solar time
(43 mi) deep a solid at the middle of each zone
shear stress produced when two plates slide solstice the time when the Sun is at its standard unit a measurement unit estab-
past each other or one plate slides past an- maximum or minimum altitude in the sky, lished as the standard upon which the value
other plate that is not moving known as the summer solstice or the winter of the other referent units of the same type
shell model of the nucleus a model of the solstice, respectively are based
nucleus that has protons and neutrons solubility the dissolving ability of a given standing waves a condition where two
moving in energy levels or shells in the solute in a specified amount of solvent; the waves of equal frequency traveling in
nucleus (similar to the shell structure of concentration that is reached as a satu- opposite directions meet and form station-
electrons in an atom) rated solution is achieved at a particular ary regions of maximum displacement due
shield volcano a broad, gently sloping volca- temperature to constructive interference and stationary
nic cone constructed of solidified lava flows solute the component of a solution that dis- regions of zero displacement due to de-
shock wave a large, intense wave distur- solves in the other component; the solvent structive interference
bance of very high pressure—for example, solution a homogeneous mixture of ions or starches complex carbohydrates (polysac-
the pressure wave created by an explosion molecules of two or more substances charides) that plants use as a stored food

Glossary G-14