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Asthenosphere, 460, 465 Bees, and polarized light, 192 ionic compounds, 235
Astronomical unit (au), 378 Bell, Alexander Graham, 128 outer orbitals, 220
Astronomy, 352. See also Earth; Planets; Star(s); Sun; Bell, Jocelyn. See Burnell, Jocelyn Bell radioactive decay, 330
Universe Bends (decompression sickness), 283 replacement reactions, 262
Astrophysics, 368 Benzene, 185, 299, 304–305 seawater, 608
Atlantic Ocean, 463, 607, 615 Bering Sea, 466 solubility, 631
Atmosphere. See also Air; Greenhouse effect Beryllium, 205, 207, 215, 218 Calcium carbonate, 253–54, 291
altitude, 542 Beta radiation, 325, 328–29 Calcium chloride, 241–42, 286
composition of, 541, 543–44 Bicarbonates, 291, 608 Calcium fluoride, 235
pressure, 544–45 Bicycle racing, 37 Calcium hydroxide, 261, 262, 287, 289, 290
size of, 542–43 “Big bang” theory, 345, 365–66 Calcium oxide, 261
structure of, 547 Big Dipper, 353, 354 Calcium sulfate, 291
temperature, 545–47 Bimetallic strip, and thermometer, 89 Calendars, 415, 418
water and water vapor, 543–44, 553–59 Binding energy, 335 California. See also La Brea tar pit
winds, 548–53 Biodiesel, 75 earthquakes, 467, 484, 487
Atom(s). See also Electron(s); Neutron(s); Nucleus; Biomass, 74, 79 El Niño and climate of, 493, 586
Proton(s) Biotite, 436, 438 wind energy, 551
ancient Greeks, 13, 86 Bituminous coal, 76 California Current, 615
Bohr’s theory of structure, 203, 208–11 Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 590 Callisto (Jupiter), 386
chemical bond, 230 Blackbody radiation, 178–80, 208 Caloric theory, of heat, 107
discovery of structure, 204–207 Black Hills (South Dakota), 489 Calorie (cal), 94, 312
electron configuration, 215–16 Black hole, 361–62 Cambrian period, 531, 532
electron theory of charge, 140, 141 Blackouts, of electrical power, 166 Camille (hurricane, 1969), 579
forces, 32, 34 Bleaching powder, 291 Canceling
models, 17, 19 Blood, human, 290, 312 conversion of units of measurement, 627
periodic table, 216–21 Blue crab, 612 of symbols in equations, 624
quantum mechanics, 203, 212–15 Blue moon, 423 Cancer
Atomic clock, 6 Blue Ridge Mountains (Virginia), 489 asbestos, 444
Atomic mass units (u), 207 Blueshift, 133, 365 radiation exposure, 334
Atomic number, 206, 325 Bob (pendulum), 71–72, 73 ultraviolet radiation, 546
Atomic spectra, 208–209 Bode, Johann, 394–95 Cans, density and floating characteristics, 9
Atomic theory, 19 Bode numbers, 395 Carbohydrates, 259–60, 312–13
Atomic weight, 207, 253, 265 Body temperature, 90 Carbon. See also Carbon dioxide; Carbon-14
Attraction, and force of gravitation, 50 Bohr, Niels, 208, 209–10, 211 electrical conductors, 143
Audible sound waves, 122 Bohr’s theory of atomic structure, 203, 208–11 electron configuration, 215
Augite, 436, 438 Boiling point, 99, 285 organic compounds, 300–301
Augustus Caesar, 418 Bonding pairs, of electrons, 237 reducing agents, 260
Australia, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 586 Bond polarity, and chemical bonds, 229, 238–39 transportation and emissions of, 31
Automobile, and catalytic converter, 267 Borate, 236 Carbonate(s)
Autumnal equinox, 409 Borax, 291 basic solutions, 288
Average kinetic energy, 88, 103 Boric acid, 287 ions, 236
Average speed, 27, 28 Boron, 215 nonsilicate minerals, 437
Average velocity, 31 Boron trifluoride, 244 solubility, 291, 631
Avogadro, Amedeo, 264 Boundary, of waves, 124 Carbonated soft drinks, 290
Avogadro’s number, 265, 266, 282, 285 Bowen, N. L., 440, 441 Carbonation, and chemical weathering, 505
Axis, of Earth, 408 Bowen’s reaction series, 440, 441 Carbon-to-carbon bonds, 301
Axle, 65 Bragg, William & Lawrence, 448 Carbon-to-carbon chains, 302
Brahe, Tycho, 397, 399 Carbon dating, 333. See also Carbon-14
B Branched-chain alkane, 302 Carbon dioxide
Babylonian culture, and measurement of time, 413 Breakers (waves), 612–13, 614 acid rain, 292, 513
Background radiation, 334 Breathalyzer test, 255 atmosphere, 544
Bacteria, 277, 335, 610 Breccia, 419, 445 formulas for compounds, 244
Bakelite, 315 Brick, and rate of conduction, 97 greenhouse effect, 588, 590
Baking soda, 291 Brightness, of stars, 351, 355–56 molecular and structural formulas, 253
Balancing Broad features, of landscapes, 514 names of compounds, 240, 242, 244
of chemical equations, 255–59 Bromide, 307, 631 seawater, 609
of nuclear equations, 326 Bromine, 216, 235, 608 speed of sound, 123
Balmer, J. J., 209 Brönsted, Johannes, 293 Carbon-14, 328, 333, 338, 530
Balmer series, 209 Bronze Age, and fossilization of humans, 524 Carbonic acid, 287, 292, 505, 513, 609
Band of stability, 327 Brushes, of electric motor, 160 Carboniferous period, 532
Barium, 218, 235, 631 Bryn Mawr College, 20 Carbon monoxide, 242, 244, 256
Barometer, 544–45 Bulldozing, by glaciers, 510 Carbon tetrachloride, 185, 244, 279, 307
Barrel, of oil, 75 Burma Plate, 488 Carbon-12, 207, 265, 333
Baryons, 368 Burnell, Jocelyn Bell, 369 Carbonyl group, 309
Basalt, 419, 443, 459, 492 Butane, 259, 303, 307 Carboxylic acids, 309–10
Bascom, Florence, 20 Butyl group, 307 Carr, Emma Perry, 268
Base(s), 286–88 Carson, Rachel, 616
Basic research, 15, 214 C Cascade Mountains (Oregon-Washington), 489, 490,
Basin, and rock folding, 480 Cabbage, as acid-base indicator, 288 491, 492, 493
Batholith, 492 Cadmium, 236 Cassini-Huygens space mission, 387–88
Battery, 159 Calcite, 439, 440, 445 Cast, and fossilization process, 524
Bay of Fundy (Canada), 426 Calcium Catalyst, 267
Beats, and sound waves, 126–27 alkaline earth metals, 216 Catalytic converter, 267
Becquerel, Henri, 324, 331, 346 electron configuration, 215 Cathode ray, 205
Becquerel (Bq), 333 electron dot notation, 218 CAT (computed axial tomography) scan, 336, 461
702 Index I-2