Page 742 - 9780077418427.pdf

Volume/207/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefile
tiL12214_ndx_701-715.indd Page 703 09/10/10 11:40 AM user-f463
tiL12214_ndx_701-715.indd Page 703 09/10/10 11:40 AM user-f463 Volume/207/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles

Cave(s), 505, 506 seawater, 608 defined, 86, 230
Cavendish, Henry, 50 wastewater treatment, 605 ionic bonds, 235–36
Celestial equator, 352, 353 Chlorite, 241 Compound motion, 38–39
Celestial meridian, 353 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 558 Compression, of molecules by waves in air, 120
Celestial sphere, 352–53 Chloroform, 307 Compressive stress, 480
Cell (organism), 311 Chondrites, 392–93 Computer models, and weather forecasting, 579
Cell barrier, of solar cell, 167 Chondrules, 393 Concave lens, 186
Cellophane, 315 Chromate, 236 Concave mirror, 183
Celluloid, 314–15 Chromium, 236, 241, 262 Concentration, of solutions, 280–83
Cellulose, 312, 313, 314 Chrysotile, 444 Concepts
Celsius, Anders C., 90 Ciliary muscle, of eye, 186, 187 equations and definition of, 10
Celsius scale, 90–91, 624 Circuit breakers, 168–69, 170 of objects, 2–3
Cementation, of sedimentary rock, 446 Circular motion, 48–49 Conchoidal fracture, 439
Centaurs (comets), 389 Circumference, 12 Concrete, 97, 96
Centigrade scale, 90 Cirrostratus clouds, 559 Condensation
Centimeters, 6 Cirrus clouds, 558, 559 liquid-gas phase change, 99, 102–103
Centrifugal force, 49 Citric acid, 310 water in atmosphere, 541, 553–57
Centripetal force, 48–49 Citrine, 436 waves in air, 120
Cenozoic era, 531, 532, 533 Clastic sediments, 444–45 Condensation nuclei, 556–57, 568
Cepheid variable, 358 Clausius, Rudolf, 88 Condensation point, 99
Ceres (dwarf planet), 378, 391 Clay, 445, 602 Condition of space, and force fields, 144
Cerium, 219, 338 Clay minerals, 437 Conduction, and heat flow, 96–97, 99
Cesium, 216, 218, 338 Claystone, 445 Conductors, electrical, 142–43, 150–51
Chadwick, James, 206 Clean Air Act, 76 Conglomerate, 445
Chain reaction, 337, 339 Cleavage, of minerals, 439 Conjecture, 19
Chain silicates, 437 Clementine spacecraft, 419 Conservation
Chalk, 291 Climate. See also Global warming; Greenhouse effect; of energy, 61, 74, 77–78
Charles, A. C., 17 Weather of mass, 256
Charles’ law, 17 changes in, 534, 587–90 of momentum, 46–47
Charley (hurricane, 2004), 579 defined, 565, 580 Constancy of speed, and relativity, 196
Chemical bonds. See also Covalent bonds; Ionic bonds El Niño and La Niña, 493, 586 Constant speed, 27
atoms, 230 local, 584–85 Constructive interference, 126, 127
bond polarity, 229, 238–40 major groups and types, 580–82, 584, 585 Contact, and static electricity, 142
composition of compounds, 240–44 major zones, 583–84, 585 Contact time, 48
covalent bonds, 236–38 mass extinctions, 534 Continental air mass, 570
defined, 229, 233 regional influences, 582–83 Continental climate, 583
valence electrons and ions, 232–33 volcanic haze, 493 Continental divide, 602
Chemical change, defined, 229, 230–31 Clocks, and relativity, 198 Continental drift, 461
Chemical energy, 70–71, 231, 232 Clouds, 557–58, 559, 566–69 Continental glaciers, 510
Chemical equations. See also Chemical formulas Coal, 71, 74–76 Continental shelf, 616, 617
balancing, 255–59 Cobalt, 221, 236, 338 Continental slope, 616, 617
defined, 231–32, 251 Cobalt chloride, 291 Continent-continent plate convergence, 466
generalizing, 259–60 Coefficients, 256, 628 Continuous spectrum, 208
information from, 263–66 Coherent motion, 106 Contrail, 556
Chemical formulas. See also Chemical equations Cohesion, of molecules, 87 Control group, 15
covalent bonds, 237 Cold front, 571–73 Controlled experiment, 15
covalent compounds, 244, 252 Color(s). See also Electromagnetic spectrum Control rods, of nuclear reactor, 339–40
defined, 251 dispersion of light, 185, 188–89 Convection
formula weights, 253 fireworks and strontium, 216 clouds, 566
ionic bonds, 235–36 of minerals, 437–38 heat flow, 97–98, 99
ionic compounds, 241–42, 252 referents, 3 winds, 548
percent composition of compounds, 253–54 refraction, 189 Convection current, 98
types of, 252 of sky, 192 Convection zone, of star, 355
Chemical reactions, 231, 251, 260–63 temperature of stars, 357 Convective cells, 468
Chemical sediments, 444, 445 wavelengths of light, 181 Conventional current, 148
Chemical weathering, 502–503, 504–505, 513, 515 Colorado River, 478, 600, 601, 605 Convergent boundaries, and plate tectonics, 464–67
Chernobyl nuclear accident, 343 Columbia Plateau (Idaho, Oregon, Washington), 490, 493 Conversion
Chesapeake Bay (Maryland), 612 Columbia River (Oregon-Washington), 600, 601 of energy, 71–73
Chile, and earthquakes, 487, 489 Columnar jointing, 482 of units of measurement, 626–27
Chile saltpeter, 291 Coma, of comet, 390 Conversion factor, 627
China, and history of science, 186 Combination reactions, 260–61 Conversion ratio, 626
Chinook, 552 Combining volumes, law of, 264 Convex lens, 186
Chitin, 312, 524 Combustion, and chemical reactions, 259–60 Convex mirror, 183
Chlorate, 236, 241, 291 Comets, 389–91. See also Asteroids Cooling, and energy flow, 93
Chlorides, 291, 631 Common names, of compounds, 240 Copernican system, 397
Chlorinated solvents, 277 Commutator, of electric motor, 160–61 Copernicus, Nicolas, 396–97
Chlorine Compact disc (CD), 195 Copper
covalent compounds, 237 Compaction, and sedimentary rock, 446 conduction rate, 97
electron configuration, 215 Comparison, and measurement, 4 density, 9
electronegativity, 239 Compass, 155, 156, 158 electrical conductors, 143
halogens, 216, 237 Composite volcano, 491–92 electron configuration, 221
ions, 235 Compound(s). See also Organic compounds ions, 236, 241
as oxidizing agent, 260 chemical bonds, 240–44 replacement reactions, 262
ozone layer, 546 chemical formulas and percent composition, 253–54 solubility, 631
covalent bonds, 237 specific heat, 96
I-3 Index 703