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Main group, of elements, 216 Mercalli scale, 487 Mohs hardness scale, 439
Main sequence stage, of star, 359 Merck index, 311 Molarity (M), 283
Makemake (dwarf planet), 378 Mercury (element) Mold, and fossilization process, 524, 525
Maltose, 312 density, 9 Mole, 265, 282–83
Mammoths, 524 ions, 236 Molecular formula, 252, 301
Manganese, 236, 606 replacement reactions, 262 Molecular orbital, 233
Manipulated variable, 629 solubility, 631 Molecular ratio, 266, 267
Mantle, of Earth, 457–58, 459, 478 specific heat, 96 Molecular weight, 253
Marble, 448 thermometer, 89–90 Molecules
Maria (Moon), 419 Mercury (planet), 157, 379–80, 381 defined, 86, 87, 230
Marine climate, 583 Mercury(II) oxide, 261 energy, heat, and theory of, 98–103
Mariner 1 and 2 spacecrafts, 398 Meridians, 412 kinetic molecular theory, 86–87
Mariner 9 spacecraft, 383 Mesopause, 548 microwave ovens and molecular bonds, 243
Mariner 10 spacecraft, 380 Mesosphere, 547, 548 motion, 88
Maritime air mass, 570 Mesozoic era, 531, 532–33 phases of matter, 87–88
Mars, 380, 382–84, 385 MESSENGER spacecraft, 380 structure of water, 277–79
Mars Exploration Rovers, 384 Metabolism, 311 Mole ratio, 266, 267
Mars Odyssey spacecraft, 383 Metal(s). See also Aluminum; Gold; Metallic bonds; Molina, Mario, 558
Mass. See also Mass number; Mass ratio; Weight Silver; Steel Momentum, 46–48
defined, 5, 43 periodic table, 218–21 Monadnocks, 515
measurement of, 44 replacement reactions, 262 Monatomic molecules, 87, 230, 231
second law of motion, 42, 43 rusting as chemical reaction, 261 Monomers, 314
specific heat, 95 Metal hydroxides, 241 Monopole, 156
Mass defect, 335 Metallic bonds, 233 Monosaccharides, 312
Mass extinctions, 533–34 Metallic hydrogen, 385 Monthly time, 418–19
Mass movement, and erosion, 507 Metamorphic rocks, 433, 446–48 Montreal Protocol, 546
Mass number, 207, 325 Meteorology, 542. See also Climate: Weather Moon
Mass percentage, of compound, 253 Meteors and meteorites, 392–93, 459, 460, 534 composition and features, 419–22
Mass ratio, 266, 267 Meteor shower, 392 Earth-Moon system, 422
Mathematical operations, and solving equations, 12, 13 Meter, 5 eclipses of, 423–24
Matter Methane, 256, 303, 307 gravity and acceleration, 51
dark, 368 Methanol, 308 history of, 422
light and interaction with, 177, 180–81 Methyl alcohol, 286, 308 phases of, 405, 423
phases of, 87–88, 99–100, 102 Methyl group, 307 plate tectonics, 466
waves, 212–13 Metric system, of measurement, 4, 5–6, 44, 62 tides, 405, 424–26
Matthews, D. H., 469 Meyer, Lothar, 220 weather, 557
Mauna Loa (Hawaii), 491 Mica, 438, 439 Moonquakes, 421–22
Maxwell, James, 144, 192–93, 197, 207 Microclimate, 584–85 Moraines, 510
McDonald Observatory (Texas), 466 Microscope, 187 Motion
Meanders, of streams or rivers, 508 Microwave ovens, 243 circular, 48–49
Mean solar day, 414–15 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 462–63, 617, 618 compound, 38–39
Mean solar time, 414 Middle latitudes, 580–81 defined, 26
Measurement Milankovitch, Milutin, 588 describing, 26
chemical equations, 265 Milankovitch cycles, 588 of Earth, 408–411
conversion of units, 626–27 Milk, 290, 513 electric current, 148, 149
defined, 1, 4 Milky Way galaxy, 362, 363, 364 energy, 67–69
of earthquake strength, 485–89 Miller, Stanley, 425 horizontal, 34
electrical charge, 139, 143 Millikan, Robert A., 205–206 laws of, 25, 40–46, 140
of heat, 85, 94 Milliliter (mL), 6 measurement, 27–34
of hurricane damage, 579 Millirem (mrem), 333, 334 molecules, 88
of motion, 27–34 Millisievert (mSv), 333 momentum, 46–48
of radiation, 331–34 Mineral(s) of seawater, 609–15
significant figures, 625–26 classification of, 437 sound, 131–33
systems of, 4–5 crystal structures, 435, 436 Motor oil, 306
temperature scales, 90–91 defined, 434 Mountains. See also Volcanoes
of time, 405, 413–19 dietary, 290 folded and faulted, 489
of tornado damage, 577 igneous rocks, 442 local wind patterns, 552
understandings from, 7–13 nonsilicates, 437, 438 origin of, 477, 489
of waves, 611 physical properties of, 437–40 regional climate factors, 583
of work, 62–64 processes of formation, 440–41 stages of landform development, 515
Mechanical advantage, of simple machines, 64 seawater, 606 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 337
Mechanical concepts, 140 silicates, 436–37, 438 M-type stars, 359
Mechanical energy, 70 Mineralization, and fossils, 524–25 Multiple bonds, 238
Mechanical equivalent of heat, 76 Mineral oil, 306 Multiplication, of significant figures, 625–26
Mechanical power (P), 151 Mining industry, 443, 482 Murphy’s law, 17
Mechanical waves, 119 Minor features, of landscapes, 514 Muscovite (white mica), 436
Mechanical weathering, 502–503, 505 Miocene epoch, 532 Musical instruments, 129, 131
Mechanical work, 62 Miscible fluids, 279 Myopia, 186
Media, and pseudoscience, 16 Mississippian period, 532
Medicine, nuclear, 336–37. See also Cancer; Safety Mississippi River, 510, 600, 601 N
Mediterranean Sea, 615 Mixing, of seawater, 610 Name(s)
Medium, and transmission of sound waves, 122–23 Models, scientific, 17–19 covalent compounds, 242, 244
Meinesz, F. A. Vening, 469 Moderator, of nuclear reactor, 340–41 hydrocarbons, 308
Melting point, 99 Mohole project, 469 ionic compounds, 240–41
Mendeleyev, Dmitri Ivanovich, 220 Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho), 458 units of measurement, 4
I-9 Index 709