Page 464 - MARSIUM'21 COMP OF PAPER

Muhamad Rifqi Zafran Bin Abdul Hakim (2022)
4.3 Normality Analysis

The distribution of the data is normally tested through skewness and kurtosis tests. If skewness and kurtosis values are
between -2 to 2, the data is considered to be normally distributed (Garson, 2012). Based on Table 4.4, skewness values and kurtosis
for all items are within -2 to 2. Thus, the data of this study are normally distributed.

Table 5.0: Skewness and Kurtosis

ITEM SKEWNEESS KURTOSIS ITEM SKEWNESS KURTOSIS

SF1 -0.118 -1.562 CI1 -0.179 -0.566

SF2 0.499 -0.764 CI2 0.233 -0.597

SF3 -0.479 -1.056 CI3 -0.341 -0.702

SF4 0.110 -0.851 PS1 -0.595 -0.942

TD1 0.007 -0.007 PS2 -0.260 -0.927

TD2 -0.082 -0.594 PS3 -0.093 -0.766

TD3 -0.341 -0.942 PS4 -0.528 -0.049

TD4 -0.134 -1.122 SP1 -0.347 -0.816
TD5 -0.430 -0.766 SP2 -0.080 -0.904

SP3 -0.319 -0.724

4.4 Outlier Analysis

Univariate Outlier (Z-score) and Multivariate Outlier (Mahalanobis D 2 ) were used to evaluate the outlier. The findings
indicated that the Z-scores for all items were acceptable using the +4 to - 4 rule of thumb (Hair et. al., 2010). Besides, the maximum
value of Mahalanobis D2 should not be exceeding 18.467 as the four variables used in the study (Hair et al., 2007; Tabachnik &
Fidell, 2007). Accordingly, the data of this study can be considered free from extreme values, univariate or multivariate. Thus, the
assumption of outliers is met (Table 4.5).

Table 6.0: Mahalanobis Test

MAHALANOBIS D SQUARE

MINIMUM MAXIMUM MEAN STD. DEVIATION
MAHAL. 0.629 14.843 3.966 2.149
DISTANCE

443