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CHAPTER 21 Nola J. Pender 405

application in a variety of settings. A research program
tested the applicability of the model to children 10 to CASE STUDY
16 years of age (Robbins, Gretebeck, Kazanis, & Thomas, a 26-year-old graduate student of Cuban
Pender, 2006). Cultural and diversity considerations descent, comes to the college health clinic to dis-
support model testing in diverse populations. cuss his perceived weight problem. He tells you
that he wants a more business-like look and wants
Accessibility to have more energy. He says that he is tired of
Pender and others have supported the model through having his belly fall over his belt. In your physical
empirical testing as a framework for explaining health assessment, you find that Thomas is 5 feet 11inches,
promotion. The Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile weighs 260 pounds, and has mild hypertension
is an instrument used to assess health-promoting (132/90 mm Hg). His mother has a history of dia-
behaviors (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2006). The betes mellitus, and he tells you that high blood
model continues to evolve through planned pro- pressure runs in the family. His 64-year-old father
grams of research. Continued empirical research, had a heart attack 1 year ago. His electrocardio-
especially intervention studies, further refine the gram demonstrates normal sinus rhythm. He does
model. Research foci continue upon evidence-based not smoke. He says that his stress level is high,
and effective health promotion strategies that serve because he is working on his master’s thesis.
the individual within the context of the community Thomas leaves to have some screening blood work
(Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2010). and makes an appointment to see you next week.
You begin some preliminary planning. Analysis of
Importance this case study follows to illustrate the use of the
Pender identified health promotion as a goal for the HBM in action with Thomas:
twenty-first century, just as disease prevention was a 1. What online state-of-the-science resources
task of the twentieth century. The model describes the would you use to help you in planning disease
interaction between the nurse and the consumer prevention and health promotion?
while considering the role of environment in health n The Agency for Healthcare Research and
promotion (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2010). Quality provides a “Guide to Clinical Pre-
Pender responded to the political, social, and per- ventive Services,” which lists the latest
sonal environment of her time to clarify nursing’s role available recommendations on preventive
in delivering health promotion services to persons of interventions: screening tests, counseling,
all ages. The model fosters thinking about future op- immunizations, and medication regimens
portunities and influences the use of technological for more than 80 conditions. Age-specific
advances such as the electronic health record as a periodic screenings based on gender and
means to achieve prevention and health promotion individual risk factors are available from
(Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2010). the website (http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/
uspstfix.htm). The consumer section offers

Summary downloadable files for your personal digital
assistant as another resource.
The movement to greater responsibility and account- n Go to http://www.ahrq.gov/research/
ability for successful personal health practices re- obesity.htm. Look under the Screening and
quires the support of the nursing profession through treatment.
development of evidence-based practice. The HPM n Healthy People 2020 includes a comprehen-
evolved from a substantive research program and sive set of disease prevention and health
continues to provide direction for better health prac- promotion objectives developed to improve
tices. The model guides further research in various the health of all people in the United States
populations. Dr. Pender’s visionary leadership contin- during the first decade of the twenty-first
ues to influence health promotion–related education, century (http://www.healthypeople.gov).
research, and policy.