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474 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

cherished hopes and dreams. The focus is on the Human beings come into the world through others
meaning of the liv[ing] experience for the person and live their life cocreating patterns of communion-
(or family) unfolding “there with” the presence of aloneness. This means that persons change and are
the nurse . . . The living of the theory in practice changed in relating with others, ideas, objects, and
is indeed what makes a difference to the people events. People become known and understood as they
touched by it. (p. 12) cocreate patterns of relating with people, ideas, cul-
ture, history, meanings, and hopes. To understand
Nursing, for Parse, is a science, and the performing human life and human beings, an individual must
art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons start from the premise that all people are intercon-
(individuals, groups, and communities) in their pro- nected with predecessors, contemporaries, and even
cesses of becoming. Parse (1989) sets forth the follow- people who are not yet present in the world. Parents
ing set of fundamentals for practicing the art of nursing: may imagine and have a relationship with a child long
• Know and use nursing frameworks and theories. before the child is conceived and long after a child is
• Be available to others. lost through death (Jonas-Simpson, 2010; Pilkington,
• Value the other as a human presence. 1993). That people have relationships with their par-
• Respect differences in view. ents and other loved ones who are no longer in this
• Own what you believe and be accountable for your world are examples of the indivisibility, mystery, and
actions. complexity of humanuniverse and humanbecoming.
• Move on to the new and untested.
• Connect with others.
• Take pride in self. Theoretical Assertions
• Like what you do. Parse’s (1981, 1998, 2012b) principles are the asser-
• Recognize the moments of joy in the struggles of tions of the humanbecoming theory. Each principle
living. interrelates the nine concepts of humanbecoming:
• Appreciate mystery and be open to new discoveries. (1) imaging, (2) valuing, (3) languaging, (4) reveal-
• Be competent in your chosen area. ing-concealing, (5) enabling-limiting, (6) connect-
• Rest and begin anew. (p. 111) ing-separating, (7) powering, (8) originating, and
(9) transforming (Figure 24–1). Research projects
Person, Environment, Health Viewed generate structures that further specify relation-
as Humanuniverse, Humanbecoming, ships among theoretical concepts. For example,
and Health Naef and Bournes (2009) studied the experience
Parse (1998, 2007b, 2012b) views the concepts human, of waiting for persons on a list to receive a lung
universe,and health as inseparable and irreducible. To transplant, and presented the following theoreti-
emphasize this inseparability, she specified humanuni- cal structure: “The lived experience of waiting is
verse and humanbecoming as one word (Parse, 2007b). enabling-limiting the imaging-valuing of powering
For Parse, health is humanbecoming. It is the becoming connecting-separating” (Naef & Bournes, 2009,
visible-invisible of the emerging now as humans live p. 145). Theoretical structures are used to enhance
their lives structuring meaning, configuring rhythmical understanding of phenomena as readers consider
patterns, and cotranscending with possibles (Parse, participant descriptions that connect to the con-
2012a). Parse (1990) speaks of health as a personal com- cepts of humanbecoming. For more humanbecom-
mitment, which means, “an individual’s way of becom- ing research, the reader is referred to an overview of
ing is cocreated by that individual, incarnating his or studies (Doucet and Bournes, 2007 and other recent
her own value priorities” (p. 136). For Parse (1990), publications; Baumann, 2008, 2012b; Bournes &
health is a flowing process, a personal creation, and a Milton, 2009; Bunkers, 2010b, 2012a; Condon,
personal responsibility. Personal health may be changed 2010a, 2010c; Doucet, 2012a, 2012b; Florczak, 2010,
as commitment is changed, which “include[s] creative 2012; Maillard-Struby, 2012; Morrow, 2010; Parse,
imagining, affirming self, and spontaneous glimpsing of 2005, 2008e, 2009c, 2011b, 2012b; Peterson-Lund,
the paradoxical” (Parse, 1990, p. 138). 2012; Smith, 2012).