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CHAPTER 24 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse 473

3. Humanbecoming is cotranscending illimitably struggle or acquiesce, to be certain or uncertain,
with emerging possibles. to hope or despair—all these options surface in day-
4. Humanbecoming is humanuniverse cocreating to-day living. Considering and choosing from these
a seamless symphony. options is cotranscending with the possibles.
(Parse, 2012b, p. 45)
Nursing
Three themes arise from the assumptions of the Consistent with her beliefs, Parse writes about nurs-
humanbecoming school of thought. These include ing as a basic science. Parse (2000) wrote, “It is the
(1) meaning, (2) rhythmicity, and (3) transcendence hope of many nurses that nursing as a discipline will
(Parse, 1998). The postulates illimitability, paradox, enjoy the recognition of having a unique knowledge
freedom,and mystery (Parse, 2007b) permeate the base and the profession will be sufficiently distinct
three themes. Meaning is borne in the messages that from medicine that people will actually seek nurses
persons give and take with others in speaking, mov- for nursing care, not medical diagnoses” (p. 3). For
ing, silence, and stillness (Parse, 1998, 2012b). over 30 years, Parse has been advanced the belief that
Meaning indicates the significance of something and nursing is a basic science, and that nurses require
is chosen by people. Outsiders cannot decide the theories that are different from other disciplines.
meaning or significance of something for another Parse believes that nursing is a unique service to
person. Nurses cannot know what it will mean for a humankind. This does not mean that nurses do
family to hear news of an unexpected illness or not benefit from and employ knowledge from other
change in health until they learn the meaning it disciplines and fields of study. It means that nurses
holds from the family’s perspective. Sometimes the primarily rely on and value the knowledge of nursing
significance of something is not known until mean- theory in their practice and research activities. Parse
ing is explored and possibilities examined. Personal (1992) has articulated clearly that she believes “nurs-
meanings are shared with others when people ing is a science, the practice of which is a performing
express their views, concerns, hopes, and dreams. art” (p. 35). From this view, nursing is a learned disci-
According to Parse (1998) meaning is connected pline, and nursing theories guide research and prac-
with moments of day-to-day living, as well as with tice. These beliefs reflect those of Rogers (1970).
the meaning or purpose of life. Nursing practice for those choosing Parse’s theory is
Rhythmicity is about patterns and possibility. guided by a methodology that emerges directly from
Parse (1981, 1998) suggests that people live unrepeat- humanbecoming ontology. The practice dimensions
able patterns of relating with others, ideas, objects, and processes are illuminating meaning (explicating),
and situations. Their patterns of relating incarnate synchronizing rhythms (dwelling with), and mobilizing
their priorities, and these patterns are changing con- transcendence (moving beyond). For practice method-
stantly as they integrate new experiences and ideas ology, refer to The Human Becoming School of Thought:
with what is becoming visible-invisible in the emerg- A Perspective for Nurses and Other Health Profes-
ing now. For Parse, people are recognized by their sionals (Parse, 1998). For humanbecoming-guided
unique patterns. People change their patterns when practice, refer to Bournes & Naef, 2006; Bunkers, 2011,
they integrate new priorities, ideas, and dreams, and 2012b; Hayden, 2010; Hegge, 2012; Jasovsky, Morrow,
show consistent patterns that continue like threads of Clementi, & Hindle, 2010; Jonas-Simpson, 2010; Oaks
familiarity and sameness throughout life. & Drummond, 2009; Peterson-Lund, 2011; Smith,
Transcendence is the third major theme of the 2010; and Tanaka, Katsuno, & Takahashi, 2012. Parse
humanbecoming school of thought. Transcendence is (1993) describes nursing practice as living the art of
about change and possibility, the infinite possibility humanbecoming in the following way:
that is humanbecoming. “The possibilities arise with
. . . [humanuniverse] . . . as options from which to The nurse is in true presence with the individual
choose personal ways of becoming” (Parse, 1998, (or family) as the individual (or family) uncovers
p. 30). To believe one thing or another, to go in one the personal meaning of the situation and makes
direction or another, to be persistent or let go, to choices to move forward in the now moment with