Page 520 - alligood 8th edition_Neat

CHAPTER 25 Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain 501

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS—cont’d
endowment, adaptation, and self-care knowledge concrete operations, and formal operations (Erickson,
(Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 1983). Tomlin, & Swain, 2002, pp. 63–64).
How People are Alike Affiliated Individuation
Holism Individuals have an instinctual need for affiliated
Human beings are holistic persons who have multiple individuation. They need to be able to depend on
interacting subsystems. Permeating all subsystems support systems while simultaneously maintaining
are the inherent bases. These include genetic makeup independence from these support systems. They
and spiritual drive. Body, mind, emotion, and spirit need to feel a deep sense of both the “I” and the “we”
are a total unit, and they act together. They affect and states of being, and to perceive freedom and accep-
control one another interactively. The interaction of tance in both states (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain,
the multiple subsystems and the inherent bases cre- 2002, p. 47).
ates holism: Holism implies that the whole is greater
than the sum of the parts (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, How People are Different
2002, pp. 44–45). Inherent Endowment
Each individual is born with a set of genes that will
Basic Needs to some extent predetermine appearance, growth,
All human beings have basic needs that can be sat- development, and responses to life events . . . Clearly,
isfied, but only from within the framework of the both genetic makeup and inherited characteristics
individual (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 2002, p. 58). influence growth and development. They might in-
Basic needs are met only when the individual fluence how one perceives oneself and one’s world.
perceives that they are met (Erickson, Tomlin, & They make individuals different from one another,
Swain, 2002, p. 57). each unique in his or her own way (Erickson, Tomlin,
& Swain, 2002, pp. 74–75).
Lifetime Development
Lifetime development evolves through psychological Adaptation
and cognitive stages, as follows: Adaptation occurs as the individual responds to
n Psychological Stages external and internal stressors in a health-directed
Each stage represents a developmental task or a and growth-directed manner. Adaptation involves
decisive encounter resulting in a turning point, a mobilizing internal and external coping resources.
moment of decision between alternative basic atti- No subsystem is left in jeopardy when adaptation
tudes (e.g., trust versus mistrust or autonomy versus occurs (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 2002).
shame and doubt). As a maturing individual negoti- The individual’s ability to mobilize resources is
ates or resolves each age-specific crisis or task, the depicted by the APAM. The APAM identifies three
individual gains enduring strengths and attitudes different coping potential states: (1) arousal, (2)
that contribute to the character and health of the in- equilibrium (adaptive and maladaptive), and (3)
dividual’s personality in his or her culture (Erickson, impoverishment. Each of these states represents a
Tomlin, & Swain, 2002, p. 61). different potential to mobilize self-care resources.
n Cognitive Stages “Movement among the states is influenced by one’s
Consider how thinking develops rather than ability to cope [with ongoing stressors] and the
what happens in psychosocial or affective develop- presence of new stressors” (Erickson, Tomlin, &
ment . . . Piaget believed that cognitive learning Swain, 2002, pp. 80–81).
develops in a sequential manner, and he has identi- Nurses can use this model to predict an individual’s
fied several periods in this process. Essentially, potential to mobilize self-care resources in response to
there are four periods: sensorimotor, preoperational, stress.
Continued