Page 364 - Basic Japanese

simple sentences and then in this special use of GERUND +

aru:

テーブルの上に花瓶を置きました。/テーブルの上に花

瓶が置いてあります。
Tēburu no ue ni kabin o okimashita./Tēburu no ue ni

kabin ga oite arimasu.
I placed the vase on the table./The vase is
placed on the table.

封筒に切手を貼りました。/封筒に切手が貼ってありま
す。

Fūtō ni kitte o harimashita./Fūtō ni kitte ga hatte
arimasu.
I pasted a stamp on the envelope./A stamp is

pasted on the envelope.

The negative form of a GERUND + aru is, of course, the

GERUND + nai:

テーブルの上には花瓶が置いてありません。

Tēburu no ue ni wa kabin ga oite arimasen.
There is no vase placed on the table.

封筒には切手が貼ってありません。

Fūtō ni wa kitte ga hatte arimasen.
There is no stamp pasted on the envelope.

7.15. The noun 方 hō

The word hō has the basic meaning ‘alternative, choice of

one as opposed to another’; it also has the meaning

‘direction, side, place.’ Both of these meanings seem to be