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Figure 4: An Example of Pattern Recognition Application

c. Abstraction

Jeanette Wing refers to abstraction as the most important and high-level thought
process in CT. Abstraction provides a way of simplifying and managing complexity. It
is also the ability to generalize based on similarities and differences. CT involves
knowing the right types of abstractions to create and use. Abstraction is used in
defining patterns, generalizing from specific instances, and parameterization. It is used
to let one object stand for many (Wing, 2014). Figure 5 shows an example of
abstraction application for learning English.

Figure 5: An Example of Abstraction Application

d. Algorithm

The concept of algorithms intends to devise precise step-by-step solutions to solve
problems. These solutions could be described in the form of flowcharts, pseudocode
or a bulleted list. Algorithmic thinking is the skill involved in developing an algorithm.
Recipes are a common everyday example of algorithms.