Page 266 - Williams Hematology ( PDFDrive )
P. 266

240  Part IV:  Molecular and Cellular Hematology  Chapter 16:  Cell-Cycle Regulation and Hematologic Disorders        241




                  in cell-cycle control, transcription activation, apoptosis, and tumor     21.  Zhu YX, Tiedemann R, Shi CX, et al: RNAi screen of the druggable genome identifies
                                                      303
                  growth  through  an  ATP-dependent  mechanism.   Proteins  such  as   modulators of proteasome inhibitor sensitivity in myeloma including CDK5.  Blood
                                                                           117(14):3847–3857, 2011.
                  HDAC2 are tagged with several ubiquitin molecules and then degraded     22.  Levacque Z, Rosales JL, Lee KY: Level of cdk5 expression predicts the survival of
                              302
                  in the machinery.  Several tumors depend on rapid cell cycling, which   relapsed multiple myeloma patients. Cell Cycle 11(21):4093–4095, 2012.
                  requires expression and degradation of numerous regulatory proteins.     23.  Nguyen TK, Grant S: Dinaciclib (SCH727965) inhibits the unfolded protein response
                                                                           through a CDK1- and 5-dependent mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 13(3):662–674, 2014.
                  Some of the proteins that undergo proteasome-mediated degradation     24.  Fesquet D, Labbe JC, Derancourt J, et al: The MO15 gene encodes the catalytic sub-
                  include cyclins (cyclins A, B, D, E), endogenous cdk inhibitors (p27 kip1 ,   unit of a protein kinase that activates cdc2 and other cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
                    cip1
                  p21 ), p53, RB, cdc25 phosphatase, and others.  The rapid turn-  through phosphorylation of Thr161 and its homologues. EMBO J 12(8):3111–3121,
                                                       304
                  over of these proteins triggers the rapid growth rate of certain human   1993.
                  malignancies, thus the proteasome is an excellent new target for the     25.  Knuesel MT, Meyer KD, Donner AJ, et al: The human CDK8 subcomplex is a histone
                                                                           kinase that requires Med12 for activity and can function independently of mediator.
                  development of new drugs, as attested to by the success of the pro-  Mol Cell Biol 29(3):650–661, 2009.
                                                       307
                  teasome inhibitors bortezomib 305,306  and carfilzomib  in patients with     26.  Morris EJ, Ji JY, Yang F, et al: E2F1 represses beta-catenin transcription and is antago-
                                                                           nized by both pRB and CDK8. Nature 455(7212):552–556, 2008.
                  MCL and myeloma. These agents inhibit the proteolytic activity of the     27.  Romano  G,  Giordano  A:  Role  of  the  cyclin-dependent  kinase  9-related  pathway  in
                  proteasome and so cells accumulate in the G -M phase of the cell cycle   mammalian gene expression and human diseases. Cell Cycle 7(23):3664–3668, 2008.
                                                  2
                                                            cip1
                  with a decrease of cells in G . 304,308  For example, p27 kip1 , p21 are upreg-    28.  Chen D, Fong Y, Zhou Q: Specific interaction of Tat with the human but not rodent
                                     1
                  ulated in myeloma cells after the treatment with bortezomib, leading to   P-TEFb complex mediates the species-specific Tat activation of HIV-1 transcription.
                                                                           Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(6):2728–2733, 1999.
                  cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. 309                    29.  Sergere JC, Thuret JY, Le Roux G, et al: Human CDK10 gene isoforms. Biochem Biophys
                     The proteasome is also required for activation of the nuclear tran-  Res Commun 276(1):271–277, 2000.
                  scription factor NF-κB, which in response to environmental stress     30.  Hu D, Mayeda A, Trembley JH, et al: CDK11 complexes promote pre-mRNA splicing.
                                                                            J Biol Chem 278(10):8623–8629, 2003.
                  or cytotoxic agents, plays a role in maintaining cell viability through     31.  Kasten M, Giordano A: Cdk10, a Cdc2-related kinase, associates with the Ets2 tran-
                  the transcription of inhibitors of apoptosis, and the DDR including   scription factor and modulates its transactivation activity. Oncogene 20(15):1832–1838,
                  DNA-damage checkpoints  and DNA repair.  Based on these obser-  2001.
                                     310
                                                   311
                  vations, targeting the proteasome has become a successful approach to     32.  Bagella L, Giacinti C, Simone C, Giordano A: Identification of murine cdk10: Asso-
                                                                           ciation with Ets2 transcription factor and effects on the cell cycle.  J Cell Biochem
                  cancer treatment  and with a better understanding of the human cell-  99(3):978–985, 2006.
                              312
                  cycle machinery, it will be possible in the future to identify new targets     33.  Chen HH, Wang YC, Fann MJ: Identification and characterization of the CDK12/cyclin
                  for antineoplastic therapies.                            L1 complex involved in alternative splicing regulation. Mol Cell Biol 26(7):2736–2745,
                                                                           2006.
                                                                          34.  Hunt T: Cyclins and their partners: From a simple idea to complicated reality. Semin
                                                                           Cell Biol 2(4):213–222, 1991.
                  REFERENCES                                              35.  Lees EM, Harlow E: Sequences within the conserved cyclin box of human cyclin A are
                                                                           sufficient for binding to and activation of cdc2 kinase. Mol Cell Biol 13(2):1194–1201,
                    1.  Hartwell LH, Weinert TA: Checkpoints: Controls that ensure the order of cell cycle   1993.
                     events. Science 246(4930):629–634, 1989.            36.  Hanashiro K, Kanai M, Geng Y, et al: Roles of cyclins A and E in induction of cen-
                    2.  Elledge SJ: Cell cycle checkpoints: Preventing an identity crisis. Science 274(5293):1664–  trosome amplification  in  p53-compromised  cells.  Oncogene  27(40):5288–5302,
                     1672, 1996.                                           2008.
                    3.  Russell P: Checkpoints on the road to mitosis. Trends Biochem Sci 23(10):399–402,     37.  Krug U, Yasmeen A, Beger C, et al: Cyclin A1 regulates WT1 expression in acute mye-
                     1998.                                                 loid leukemia cells. Int J Oncol 34(1):129–136, 2009.
                    4.  Murray AW: The genetics of cell cycle checkpoints. Curr Opin Genet Dev 5(1):5–11,     38.  Ohtsubo M, Roberts JM: Cyclin-dependent regulation of G1 in mammalian fibroblasts.
                     1995.                                                 Science 259(5103):1908–1912, 1993.
                    5.  Hartwell LH, Kastan MB: Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266(5192):1821–1828,     39.  Spencer SL, Cappell SD, Tsai FC, et al: The proliferation-quiescence decision is con-
                     1994.                                                 trolled by a bifurcation in CDK2 activity at mitotic exit. Cell 155(2):369–383, 2013.
                    6.  Rao PN, Johnson RT: Mammalian cell fusion: Studies on the regulation of DNA synthe-    40.  Ekholm SV, Reed SI: Regulation of G(1) cyclin-dependent kinases in the mammalian
                     sis and mitosis. Nature 225(5228):159–164, 1970.      cell cycle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12(6):676–684, 2000.
                    7.  Lohka MJ, Hayes MK, Maller JL: Purification of maturation-promoting factor, an intra-    41.  Strohmaier H, Spruck CH, Kaiser P, et al: Human F-box protein hCdc4 targets cyclin
                     cellular regulator of early mitotic events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85(9):3009–3013,   E for proteolysis and is mutated in a breast cancer cell line. Nature 413(6853):316–322,
                     1988.                                                 2001.
                    8.  Sherr CJ: Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 73(6):1059–1065, 1993.    42.  Ekholm-Reed S, Mendez J, Tedesco D, et al: Deregulation of cyclin E in human cells
                    9.  Pines J: Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: Take your partners. Trends Biochem Sci   interferes with prereplication complex assembly. J Cell Biol 165(6):789–800, 2004.
                     18(6):195–197, 1993.                                 43.  Zhang HS, Postigo AA, Dean DC: Active transcriptional repression by the Rb-E2F
                    10.  Chen HH,  Wong  YH, Geneviere  AM, Fann MJ: CDK13/CDC2L5 interacts  with   complex mediates G1 arrest triggered by p16INK4a, TGFbeta, and contact inhibition.
                     L-type  cyclins and regulates alternative splicing.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun   Cell 97(1):53–61, 1999.
                     354(3):735–740, 2007.                                44.  Rajagopalan H, Jallepalli PV, Rago C, et al: Inactivation of hCDC4 can cause chromo-
                    11.  Pagano M, Pepperkok R, Verde F, et al: Cyclin A is required at two points in the human   somal instability. Nature 428(6978):77–81, 2004.
                     cell cycle. EMBO J 11(3):961–971, 1992.              45.  Keck JM, Summers MK, Tedesco D, et al: Cyclin E overexpression impairs progression
                    12.  Rape M, Kirschner MW: Autonomous regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex   through mitosis by inhibiting APC(Cdh1). J Cell Biol 178(3):371–385, 2007.
                     couples mitosis to S-phase entry. Nature 432(7017):588–595, 2004.    46.  McGowan CH, Russell P, Reed SI: Periodic biosynthesis of the human M-phase pro-
                    13.  Resnitzky D, Hengst L, Reed SI: Cyclin A-associated kinase activity is rate limiting   moting factor catalytic subunit p34 during the cell cycle. Mol Cell Biol 10(7):3847–3851,
                     for entrance into S phase and is negatively regulated in G1 by p27Kip1. Mol Cell Biol   1990.
                     15(8):4347–4352, 1995.                               47.  Buendia B, Draetta G, Karsenti E: Regulation of the microtubule nucleating activity of
                    14.  Trovesi C, Manfrini N, Falcettoni M, Longhese MP: Regulation of the DNA damage   centrosomes in Xenopus egg extracts: Role of cyclin A-associated protein kinase. J Cell
                     response by cyclin-dependent kinases. J Mol Biol 425(23):4756–4766, 2013.  Biol 116(6):1431–1442, 1992.
                    15.  Meyerson M, Enders GH, Wu CL, et al: A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases.     48.  Gallant P, Nigg EA: Cyclin B2 undergoes cell cycle-dependent nuclear translocation
                     EMBO J 11(8):2909–2917, 1992.                         and, when expressed as a non-destructible mutant, causes mitotic arrest in HeLa cells.
                    16.  Solomon MJ: Activation of the various cyclin/cdc2 protein kinases. Curr Opin Cell Biol    J Cell Biol 117(1):213–224, 1992.
                     5(2):180–186, 1993.                                  49.  Draviam VM, Orrechia S, Lowe M, et al: The localization of human cyclins B1 and B2
                    17.  Lew J, Wang JH: Neuronal cdc2-like kinase. Trends Biochem Sci 20(1):33–37, 1995.  determines CDK1 substrate specificity and neither enzyme requires MEK to disassem-
                    18.  Matsushime H, Ewen ME, Strom DK, et al: Identification and properties of an atypical   ble the Golgi apparatus. J Cell Biol 152(5):945–958, 2001.
                     catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins. Cell 71(2):323–    50.  Pines J: The cell cycle kinases. Semin Cancer Biol 5(4):305–313, 1994.
                     334, 1992.                                           51.  Arnaoutov  A,  Dasso  M:  The  Ran  GTPase  regulates  kinetochore  function.  Dev Cell
                    19.  Xiong Y, Zhang H, Beach D: D type cyclins associate with multiple protein kinases and   5(1):99–111, 2003.
                     the DNA replication and repair factor PCNA. Cell 71(3):505–514, 1992.    52.  Bentley AM, Normand G, Hoyt J, King RW: Distinct sequence elements of cyclin B1
                    20.  Meyerson M, Harlow E: Identification of G1 kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D   promote localization to chromatin, centrosomes, and kinetochores during mitosis. Mol
                     partner. Mol Cell Biol 14(3):2077–2086, 1994.         Biol Cell 18(12):4847–4858, 2007.
          Kaushansky_chapter 16_p0213-0246.indd   241                                                                   9/18/15   11:58 PM
   261   262   263   264   265   266   267   268   269   270   271