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TABLE 12.1

The first 10 straight-chain alkanes
Molecular Molecular
Name Formula Structural Formula Name Formula Structural Formula
H H H H H H H

Methane CH 4 H C H Hexane C 6 H 14 H C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H

H H
Heptane C 7 H 16
H H H H H H H
Ethane C 2 H 6 H C C H
H C C C C C C C H
H H
H H H H H H H

H H H
Propane C 3 H 8 H C C C H Octane C 8 H 18
H H H H H H H H
H H H
H C C C C C C C C H

H H H H H H H H
H H H H
Butane C 4 H 10 H C C C C H
Nonane C 9 H 20
H H H H
H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H
Pentane C 5 H 12 H C C C C C H
H H H H H
Decane C 10 H 22
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C C H

H H H H H H H H H H

TABLE 12.2
The general molecular formulas and molecular structures of
the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
General Molecular Example Molecular
Group Formula Compound Structure
Alkanes C n H 2n+2 Ethane H H

H C C H
H H
Alkenes C n H 2n Ethene H H
C C

H H
FIGURE 12.7 Ethylene is the gas that ripens fruit, and a ripe
Alkynes C n H 2n–2 Ethyne H C C H fruit emits the gas, which will act on unripe fruit. Thus, a ripe tomato
placed in a sealed bag with green tomatoes will help ripen them.

12-5 CHAPTER 12 Organic Chemistry 303