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Core Decompression sickness (DCS), 283 Drift velocity, of electrons, 148
of Earth, 458, 459–60 Decyl group, 307 Ducks, and echos, 126
of star, 355 Deep-focus earthquakes, 485, 487 Dunes, 513, 514
Corey, Robert, 245 Deep-sea spreading, 469 Dust, 445
Coriolis effect, 411, 574, 615 Deflation, and wind erosion, 512, 513 Dust Bowl (1930s), 513
Correlation, and geologic events, 527–28 Degradation of energy, 106 Dutton, Clarence E., 514
Corundum, 439 Degrees, and temperature scales, 90 Dwarf planet, 378
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) spacecraft, 365 Deimos (Mars), 384 Dynamite, 309, 317
Cost(s) Delta, of river, 510, 511 Dysprosium, 219
of electrical power, 154 Democritus, 86, 204
of mining, 443 Denatured alcohol, 308 E
of space exploration, 384 Density Ear and eardrum, 89, 122, 123, 128
Cotton, and rate of conduction, 97 minerals, 439–40 Earth. See also Atmosphere; Earthquakes; Earth
Coulomb (C), 143 nuclear fusion, 344–45 sciences; Moon; Mountains; Plate tectonics; Solar
Coulomb’s law, 144 ocean currents, 614–15 system; Surface
Counting, and measurement, 4 ratios, 8–9 acceleration of falling objects, 37
Covalent bonds universe, 368 age of, 529–30
compounds and formulas, 237 water, 279 distribution of water, 598, 599
defined, 229, 233, 236–37 Department of Energy (DOE), 345 Gaia hypothesis, 558
electronegativity, 239 Deposition, and rock record, 526–27 history of interior, 456–57
multiple bonds, 238 Derived units, 5 internal structure, 455, 457–61
Covalent compounds, 237, 242, 244, 252 Description law of gravitation, 50–51
Covalent molecule, 240 measurements, 7 magnetic field, 155, 156, 157
Cracking and reforming, of gasoline, 306 of properties by equations, 10 motions of, 406, 408–11
Crater, of volcano, 490 Destructive interference, 126, 127 place, 411–13
CRC handbook, 311 Deuterium, 207, 343, 606 properties of planets, 380
Creep, and erosion, 507 Devil’s Post Pile (California), 482 radius, 456
Crest, of wave, 610–11 Devil’s Tower (Wyoming), 482 revolution of, 405, 408–409
Cretaceous period, 532, 533, 534 Devonian period, 532, 533 rotation of, 405, 408, 410–11, 426
Crick, Francis, 245 Dew and dew point, 554, 555 satellites, 52
Critical angle, 184 Diameter, 12 shape of orbit, 589
Critical density, of universe, 368 Diamond, 185, 435, 438, 439, 440 shape and size of, 406–408, 466
Critical mass, 337, 339 Diastrophism, 479–83 time, 413–19
Crosscutting relationships, principle of, 526 Diatom(s), 524 uniqueness of, 406
Crossover technique, and chemical equations, 257 Diatomic molecules, 86, 230, 231 Earth-Moon system, 422–26
Crude oil, 305 Dibromopropane, 307 Earthquakes
Crust, of Earth, 434, 457, 458, 478 Dichlorodifluoromethane, 307 causes of, 484
Crust zone, 464 Dichromate, 236 defined, 477
Crystal structure, of minerals, 435, 436, 439 Diesel fuel, 306 internal structure of Earth, 457, 461
Cube, 7 Diet. See Food; Nutrition locating and measuring, 484–89
Cumulonimbus clouds, 559 Diethylether, 309 moonquakes, 421–22
Cumulus clouds, 558, 559 Differentiation, of Earth’s interior, 457 plate tectonics, 467
Curie, Marie, 325, 346 Diffuse reflection, 180 safety, 488
Curie, Pierre, 346 Diffusion, of molecules, 88 Earth sciences. See also Earth; Geology
Curie (Ci), 332, 333 Digital camera, 187 fossils, 522–25
Curium, 338 Dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO), 244 mineral-forming processes, 440–41
Currents. See Ocean Dike, of volcano, 492 minerals, 435–40
Cusps, of Moon, 557 Dilute solutions, 280 rock cycle, 433, 448–49
Cyanide, 236 Dinitrogen tetroxide, 244, 292 rocks, 433, 441–48, 525–28
Cycle, of vibration, 117 Dinosaurs, and fossils, 525, 529 solid earth materials, 434
Cycloalkanes, 304–305 Dipole, 239, 277 Earthshine, 423
Cyclobutane, 304 Direct current (dc), 150, 165 Echo, 125
Cyclohexane, 304 Direction, and velocity, 29 Eclipses, of Sun and Moon, 423–24, 426
Cyclones and cyclonic storms, 573, 574–75, 578 Direct proportionality, and second law of motion, 42 Ecliptic plane, 406
Cyclopentane, 304 Direct solar gain, 101 Economics. See Cost(s)
Cyclopropane, 304 Dirty-snowball comet model, 389 Edison, Thomas, 162, 305
Cysteine, 311 Disaccharides, 312 Eel grass, 612
Disintegration, and weathering of rocks, 503, 504 Effort distance, 64
D Dispersion, of light, 185, 188–89 Effort force, 64
Daily time, 413–17 Dissolving process, and water, 279–80 Einstein, Albert, 54, 74, 193–94, 196, 208, 212, 335,
Dalton, John, 76, 204, 264 Distance 367, 388
Dairy products, and irradiation, 335 speed, 27, 28 Elastic deformation, 479
Dark energy, 366, 369 velocity, 30, 36–37 Elastic materials, and forces, 116–18
Dark matter, 368 Divergent boundaries, and plate tectonics, 464 Elastic rebound, 484, 485
Data, 1, 7 Divide, and watersheds, 602 Elastic strain, 480
Data points, on line graph, 629 Division, of significant figures, 625–26 El Chichon volcanic eruption (Mexico, 1982), 493
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 523 Dolomite, 445 Electrical conductors, 142–43, 150–51
Daylight saving time, 416, 417 Dome, of sedimentary rock, 480, 489 Electrical energy, 66, 71
De Broglie, Louis, 212 Doping, and solar cells, 167 Electrical force, 141, 147
Decane, 302, 303, 307 Doppler, Johann Christian, 132, 133 Electrical insulators, 142–43
Deceleration, 31 Doppler effect, 115, 131, 132, 133, 365 Electrical nonconductors, 142
Decibel and decibel scale, 128 Doppler radar, 133 Electrical power, 151–54
Decimeters, 6 D orbitals, 214 Electrical resistance (R), 150–51
Decomposition, and weathering of rocks, 503 Double bond, 238 Electric charge, 140–43
Decomposition reactions, 261 Drift(s), and ocean currents, 615 Electric circuits, 146–48, 165–70
704 Index I-4