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Iron—continued Law(s), scientific. See also Principles Little Dipper, 354
meteorites, 392, 393, 460 of combining volumes, 264 Little ice age (1400–1860), 587
nuclear fission, 338 of conservation, 46 Little Sundance Mountain (Wyoming), 490
replacement reactions, 262 of conservation of energy, 74 Loess, 514
rust as chemical change, 229, 261 of conservation of mass, 256 Logan, Mount (Yukon Territory), 511
solubility, 631 Coulomb’s, 144 Lone pairs, of electrons, 237
specific heat, 96 defined, 1, 17 Longitude, 412–13
Iron meteorites, 392, 393, 460 of gravitation, 49–54, 144 Longitudinal wave, 119
Iron oxide, 504 Hubble’s, 358, 365 Longshore current, 613
Irradiation, of food, 335 Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 397–99 Los Angeles earthquake (1994), 487
Island arcs, 466 of motion, 25, 40–46, 140 Loudness, of sound, 115, 127–28
Isobutane, 302 Ohm’s, 150, 169 Loudspeakers, 160
Isolated atoms, 233 of reflection, 177, 182–83 Lovelock, James Ephraim, 558
Isolated solar gain, 101 of thermodynamics, 85, 104–108 Love waves, 457
Isomers, 302 Lead Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 316
Isopropyl alcohol, 281, 308 conduction rate, 97 Lowell, Percival, 383, 397
Isotopes, 207, 325, 530 density, 9 Low latitudes, 413, 580
electrical conductors, 143 Low-level nuclear waste, 344
J ions, 236, 241 Low-pressure weather systems, 572, 575
Jet stream, 552–53 nuclear fission, 338 Low-quality energy, 106
John Hopkins University, 20 radioactive isotopes and half-life of, 530 Lowry, Thomas, 293
Joint, and faulting of rocks, 482 replacement reactions, 262 Lubricating oil, 306
Joule, James Prescott, 76, 94 solubility, 631 Luminosity, of stars, 356
Joule (J), 62, 151 specific heat, 96 Luminous objects, 178
Juan de Fuca Plate, 470, 492, 493, 494 speed of sound, 123 Lunakhod 2 spacecraft, 466
Julian calendar, 418 water pollution, 277 Lunar caustic, 291
Julius Caesar, 418 Lemon battery, 159 Lunar eclipse, 424
Jupiter, 157, 380, 385–86 Lemon juice, 290, 513 Lunar highlands, 419, 420
Jurassic period, 532 Length, 5 Lunar Prospector spacecraft, 419
Lenses, and optics, 186–87 Lure Observatory (Hawaii), 466
K Lever, 64, 65 Luster, of minerals, 439
Kamchatka earthquake (Russia, 1952), 489 Life Lyell, Charles, 494, 523
Katrina (hurricane, 2005), 578–79 early atmosphere of Earth, 425 Lysine, 311
Kelvin, Lord (William Thompson), 76, 91 extraterrestrial, 364
Kelvin scale, 91 organic compounds of, 311–17 M
Kepler, Johannes, 397 Life cycle, of stars, 358–62 Mach, Ernst, 133
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 397–99 Light Mach number, 133
Kerosene, 305, 306 evidence for particles, 178, 192–94 MACHOs (massive astrophysical compact halo
Ketones, 308, 309 frequency of visible, 243 objects), 368
Kilocalorie (kcal), 94 interaction with matter, 177, 180–81 Macromolecule, 311
Kilogram (kg), 5, 44 inverse square relationship, 11 Magma, 440, 489–90
Kilowatt (kw), 66 models of, 18, 178 Magnesium
Kilowatt-hour, 66 pollution, 361 atomic and gram-atomic weight of, 265
Kinetic energy, 61, 68–69, 70, 72, 545 present theory of, 177, 194–96 chemical change, 231
Kinetic molecular theory, 86–88 properties of, 180–89 electron configuration, 215
Kitchen physics, 94–95, 96 radiant energy, 71, 72 ion, 235
Krypton, 218, 337, 338 relativity, 196–98 replacement reactions, 262
Kuiper, Gerard, 398 sources of, 178–80 seawater, 608
Kuiper bands, 398 wave-particle duality of, 212 solubility, 631
Kuiper Belt, 389 waves of, 177, 178, 189–92 Magnesium bicarbonate, 291
Kyoto Protocol, 590 Lightning, 151, 576 Magnesium hydroxide, 242, 287, 288, 289
Light ray model, 180 Magnesium oxide, 231
L Light saber, 182 Magnetic confinement, of nuclear waste, 345
La Brea tar pit (Los Angeles, California), 524 Light-year (ly), 352 Magnetic declination, 155, 156
Laccolith, 492 Lignite coal, 76 Magnetic dip, 156
Lactic acid, 287, 310 Limestone, 445, 505, 506, 513, 602 Magnetic domain, 157
Linear model, of radiation exposure, 334
Lactose, 312 Magnetic field(s). See also Magnetic declination; Magnetic
Linear scale, 629
Lakes, 292, 513, 602 field lines; Magnetic reversals; Magnetism
Land, Edwin H., 192 Linear wave front, 124 plate tectonics, 461–62, 463
Land displacement, 487 Line graph, 629–30 source of, 139, 156–57
Landforms, 514 Line spectrum, 208–209 visualization of, 144
Linoleic acid, 314
Landscapes, development of, 514–15 Magnetic field lines, 154–55
Linolenic acid, 314
Landslides, 487, 507 Magnetic poles, 154
La Niña, 493, 586 Liquid(s), 87, 88, 99 Magnetic quantum number, 214
Lanthanide series, 219 Liquid-gas phase change, 99 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 337
Lanthanum, 219 Liquid outer core, 459, 460 Magnetic reversals, 461–62, 463
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 305, 306
Laser(s), 131, 191 Magnetism. See also Magnetic field(s)
Liter (L), 6
Laser Ranging Retro-reflector Experiment, 466 alkaline earth metals, 216
Last quarter, of Moon, 423 Lithification, 445–46 defined, 154
Latent heat, 99 Lithium electric currents, 158–61
Latent heat of fusion, 100 electron configuration and structure, 215, 216, 218–19 electromagnetic induction, 161–65
ion, 221, 235
Latent heat of vaporization, 100, 102, 277 electron dot notation, 218
replacement reactions, 262
Latitude, 412, 413 plate tectonics, 462
Lauric acid, 314 Lithosphere, 460–61, 464–67 Magnetite, 462
Lava and lava flows, 157, 440, 490 Litmus, 287, 288 Magnitude, of earthquake, 487
708 Index I-8