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468 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
Three principles constitute the humanbecoming meaning, possibility, and consequence. Nurses cannot
theory flowing from these themes—meaning, rhyth- completely know another’s imaging, but they explore,
micity, and transcendence (Parse, 1981, 1998, 2007b, respect, and bear witness as people struggle with shap-
2012b). Each principle contains three concepts that ing, exploring, integrating, rejecting, and interpreting.
require thoughtful exploration to understand the
depth of the humanbecoming theory. The principles Valuing
(Parse, 2012b) are as follows: Paradox: Confirming–Not Confirming
1. Structuring meaning is the imaging and valuing Valuing is the second concept of the first principle.
of languaging. The paradox of valuing is confirming–not confirming
2. Configuring rhythmical patterns is the revealing- (Parse, 1998, 2007b, 2012b). This concept is about
concealing and enabling-limiting of connecting- how persons confirm and do not confirm beliefs in
separating. light of a personal perspective or worldview (Parse,
3. Cotranscending with possibles is the powering 1981, 1998, 2007b, 2012b). Persons are continuously
and originating of transforming (p. 45). confirming–not confirming beliefs as they are making
choices about how to think, act, and feel. These
Principle I: Structuring Meaning choices may be consistent with prior choices, or they
“Structuring meaning is the imaging and valuing of may be radically different and require a shifting of
languaging” (Parse, 2012b, p. 45), proposing that per- value priorities. Sometimes people may think about
sons structure, or choose, the meaning of their reali- anticipated choices, and once the choice arrives they
ties, and this choosing happens with explicit-tacit change their thinking and direction in life. Values
knowing. Sometimes questions are not answerable, reflect what is important in life to a person or a family.
since people may not know why they think or feel one For Parse, living one’s value priorities is how an indi-
way or another. This first principle posits that people vidual expresses health and humanbecoming. Nurses
create their reality illimitably with others, and they learn about persons’ values by asking them what is
show or language their reality in the ways they speak most important.
and remain silent and in the ways they move and stay
still. As people language their realities, they language Languaging
their value priorities and meanings according to this Paradoxes: Speaking–Being Silent and Moving–
principle. This principle has three concepts: (1) imag- Being Still
ing, (2) valuing, and (3) languaging. Languaging is the third concept of the first principle.
The paradoxes of languaging are speaking–being
Imaging silent and moving–being still (Parse, 1998, 2007b,
Paradoxes: Explicit-Tacit and Reflective- 2012b). Languaging is a concept that is visible and
Prereflective relates to how humans symbolize and express their
Imaging is the first concept of the first principle. The imaged realities and their value priorities. When lan-
paradoxes of imaging are explicit-tacit and reflective- guaging is visible to others, it is expressed in patterns
prereflective (Parse, 1998, 2007b, 2012b). Imaging is that are shared with those who are close. Family
an individual’s view of reality. It is the shaping of per- members or close friends often share similar patterns,
sonal knowledge in explicit and tacit ways (Parse, such as speaking, moving, and being quiet (Parse,
1981, 1998, 2007b, 2012b). Some knowing is a reflec- 1981, 1998, 2007b, 2012b). People disclose things
tive, deliberate process, while other knowing is prere- about themselves when they language and when they
flective. For Parse, people are inherently curious and are silent and remain still. Nurses witness the lan-
seek answers. The answers to questions emerge as guaging that people show, but cannot know the
persons explore meaning in light of reality and their meaning of the languaging. To understand the lan-
view of things. Imaging is a personal interpretation of guaging, nurses ask people what their words, actions,