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3) The assessment of provincial offices and local administrative organizations is a

self-assessment. As a result, some answers could be unintentionally favorable to the organizations,
and any negative answers might lead to an adverse impact on the organizations in the future. Data
for the assessment should therefore not be collected solely from the target organizations. More-

over, the state should include independent agencies, such as the NACC, universities, and civil
society organizations to assess the provincial offices and local administrative organizations. In

addition, data for the assessment should be additionally collected from the public. The collection
would increase the assessment reliability as there are more data from independent parties.
4) Provincial offices and local administrative organizations are required to conduct

different assessments by various government agencies, such as, the NACC, Budget Bureau, Office
of the Public Sector Development Commission, and Department of Local Administration. Although

these government agencies all have the same common goal, their data collection practices are
redundant and a wide variety of assesement tools is required. As a result, the assessed provincial
offices and local administrative organizations are overloaded with many assessments, and the

quality of their public services decreases. The state should therefore adopt an integrated approach
to avoid redundant data collection practices and create one central assessment tool. The approach

would reduce unnecessary workload, operational cost and time while enabling a unified assess-
ment guideline for all provincial offices and local administrative organizations.
3. Recommendations to the NACC

(1) Assessment Methodology, Tools and ITA Online System (ITAS)
1) All questionnaire questions in all 10 assessment indicators must be improved so

that the questions are concise, non-repetitive and easy to understand for their respondents. The
improvement would result in answers that are both precise and consistent with the assessment cri-
teria of the indicators.

2) The user interface of the ITAS should be user-friendly, especially when the ITAS is
accessed via a smartphone. Such user-friendly mobile interface would enable respondents to com-

plete the assessment questionnaires with ease.
3) A security measure is needed to ensure data integrity and privacy for people who
provide their personal information, such as the national identification number, for the assessment.

The measure would boost confidence and willingness of staff members of the provincial offices,
local administrative organizations, and relevant agencies to provide data required for the ITA.

4) The ITAS should not allow respondents to change their answers that are already
submitted. The change could lead to incorrect or untrustworthy answers. However, if respondents
need more time to complete the questionaries, the ITAS should allow them to save their answers

and later come back to complete and submit the answers.

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