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1056 Part VIII: Monocytes and Macrophages Chapter 67: Structure, Receptors, and Functions of Monocytes and Macrophages 1057

TABLE 67–3. Ligands for Selected Nonopsonic, Non–Toll-Like Receptors
Class Receptor Microbial Ligands Endogenous Ligands Function
Scavenger receptors SR-A I/II Gram+/– bacteria Apoptotic cells Phagocytosis
Lipoteichoic acid Modified low- and high-density Endocytosis
lipoproteins (LDL, HDL, apoli-
poprotein A , apolipoprotein E)
1
Lipid A AGE-modified proteins Foam cell formation
Neisserial surface proteins β-Amyloid Adhesion
MARCO Gram+/– bacteria Marginal zone B lymphocytes Adhesion
Trehalose dimycolate Uteroglobin-related protein Phagocytosis
Neisserial surface proteins Innate activation
CD36 Diacylated lipopeptide Apoptotic cells (with throm- Uptake, exchange of lipids,
from Gram+ bacteria bospondin and vitronectin adhesion
receptor)
Plasmodium falciparum- HDL
parasitized erythrocytes
Outer rod segments
Lectins Dectin-1 β-Glucan T lymphocytes Fungal uptake and
(noncarbohydrate) immunomodulation
DC-SIGN Mannosyl/fucosyl glyco- ICAM 2/3 Adhesion
conjugates viruses (e.g.,
HIV-1, Dengue)
T lymphocytes Endocytosis
Mannose receptor Mannosyl/fucosyl Lysosomal hydrolases Endocytosis
C-type lectin domains Glycoconjugates on Thyroglobulin Adhesion
bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites
Cysteine-rich domain Ribonuclease B Antigen targeting
Fibronectin type II Amylase Adhesion
domain
Sulfated carbohydrates in mar-
ginal zone (spleen) and subcap-
sular sinus (lymph node)
Collagens

AGE, advanced glycation end product; DC-SIGN, dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin; ICAM, inter-
cellular adhesion molecule; MARCO, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure; SR, scavenger receptor.
Data from Fogelman AM, Van Lenten BJ, Warden C, et al: Macrophage lipoprotein receptors. J Cell Sci (Suppl 9):135-49, 1988; Adams DO, Ham-
ilton TA: Phagocytic cells: Cytotoxic activities of macrophages. In Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates 2 edition, edited by J.I.
Gallin & R. Snyderman, p. 471. Raven Press, New York, NY, 1992; Werb, Z. & Goldstein, I.: Phagocytic cells: Chemotactic and effector functions
of macrophages and granulocytes, 7th ed., in Basic and Clinical Immunology, edited by D. Stites & A. Terr, p. 96. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk,
CT, 1991; Papadimitriou, J.M. & Ashman, R.B.: Macrophages: current views on their differentiation, structure, and function. Ultrastruct Pathol
13:343-72, 1989; Gordon, S., Perry, V.H., Rabinowitz, S., Chung, L.P. & Rosen, H.: Plasma membrane receptors of the mononuclear phagocyte
system. J Cell Sci Suppl 9:1-26, 1988; Law, S.K.: C3 receptors on macrophages. J Cell Sci Suppl 9:67-97, 1988; Hume, D.A. et al.: The mononuclear
phagocyte system revisited. J Leukoc Biol 72:621–7, 2002.

in the function of monocyte/macrophages has not been determined. seven transmembrane domain receptors. Human monocytes/mac-
An important aspect of the monocyte/macrophage phenotype is the rophages express several chemokine receptors (Table 67–4). The
presence of CD4 molecules on the surface of monocytes that can act as chemokine receptor CCR5 has been implicated in HIV-1 infection of
receptors for HIV type 1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 uses the CD4 receptors as an monocytes/macrophages. 81–85 CCR5 is a major coreceptor on mono-
entry pathway for infection of monocyte/macrophages. 79,80 cytes/macrophages for M-tropic HIV-1 infection. At least one copy of
a 32-nucleotide deletion within the CCR5 gene (CCR5Δ32) has been
Chemokine Receptors found in approximately 4 to 16 percent of individuals, depending on
Chemokines mediate their activities by binding to target cell surface their background; when in the homozygous state, individuals are highly
chemokine receptors that belong to a large family of G-protein–coupled, protected against acquisition of HIV. 86,87

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