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Electric currents Energy change, 70 Explanations, scientific, 14–16
defined, 139 Energy-form conversion, 73, 93–94 Exponent, 627–28
electrical power and work, 151–54 Energy Information Administration, 77 Exponential notation, 627
electrical resistance, 150–51 Energy level diagram, 210, 211 External energy, 93, 106
electric circuit, 146–48 Energy sublevel, 213–14 External force, 45
magnetism and magnetic fields, 156, 158–61 English system, of measurement, 4–5, 44 Extinction. See Mass extinctions
Electric field, 144–45, 148 Entropy, 106–107 Extraterrestrial life, 364
Electric field lines, 145 Environment. See also Environmental science; Global Extrusive igneous rocks, 442
Electric generator, 162 warming; Pollution Eye
Electricity. See also Electric currents cost of mining, 443 of human, 186, 187
electric circuits, 146–48, 165–70 transportation, 31 of hurricane, 578
electric potential, 139, 145–46 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 610 Eyepiece lens, of microscope, 187
electromagnetic induction, 139, 161–65 Environmental science, 31
electron theory of charge, 140–43 Eocene epoch, 532 F
electrostatic forces, 144 Eons, 531 Fahrenheit, Gabriel D., 90
force fields, 144–45 Epicenter, of earthquake, 485 Fahrenheit scale, 90–91, 624
geothermal energy, 470 Epicycle, 396 Falling objects, and motion, 35–37, 52, 72
magnetism, 158–61 Epochs, 531 Family (group), of elements, 216
misunderstandings about, 150 Epsom salts, 291 Faraday, Michael, 144, 161, 197
Electric meters, 159 Equations. See also Chemical equations; Farsightedness, 186, 187
Electric motors, 160–61 Nuclear equations Fat(s), 312, 313–14
Electric potential, 139, 145–46 defined, 10, 623 Fatty acids, 309
Electric potential energy, 146 operations in, 623–24 Fault(s) and faulting, of Earth’s surface, 477, 482–83,
Electrolytes, 284–85 problem solving, 11–13, 624 484, 489. See also San Andreas fault
Electromagnet(s), 158–61 symbols, 623 Fault plane, 482
Electromagnetic forces, 32, 327 of time, 415 Faunal succession, principle of, 527–28
Electromagnetic induction, 139, 161–65 Equator, 413, 416, 580 Feedwater, and nuclear reactor, 341
Electromagnetic spectrum, 71, 72, 178, 179, 188 Equilibrium position, 116 Feldspars, 436, 505
Electromagnetic switches, 159–60 Equinoxes, 409 Ferromagnesian silicates, 436, 437, 438
Electromotive force (emf), 147 Era(s), and geological time scale, 531 Fertilizers, 252, 255, 447
Electron(s) Erbium, 219 Fetch, and waves, 611
configuration, 215–16 Eris (dwarf planet), 378 Fiber optics, 177
covalent compounds, 237 Erosion Field lines, and magnetism, 154–55
discovery of, 203, 204–206 defined, 501, 502, 506 Field magnet, 160
ionic bonding, 234–35 development of landscapes, 515 Field model, and force fields, 140, 145
nuclear equations, 326 glaciers, 510–12 Field-particle model, 145
orbits, 210 mass movement, 507 Film badges, 331
spin, 214–15 rock cycle, 449 Final velocity, 31
valence electrons, 232–33 running water, 508–10 Fireworks, 216
Electron current, 148 shifting sites of, 526–27 First-class lever, 65
Electron dot notation, 218 wind, 512–14 First harmonic, 130
Electronegativity, 239 Escherichia coli, 610 First law of motion, 25, 41
Electron pair, 215 Esters, 308, 309–11 First law of thermodynamics, 104–105
Electron theory of charge, 140–43 Estuaries, and pollution, 610. First quarter, of Moon, 423
Electron volt, 211 See also Chesapeake Bay Fish, 9
Electrostatic charge, 141 Ethane, 301, 302, 303, 304, 307 Fission, 77
Electrostatic forces, 144 Ethanol, 308 Fizeau, Armand, 132
Elements Ethene, 301 Flank eruption, of volcano, 490
ancient Greece, 13 Ethers, 308, 309 Flooding, and hurricanes, 578
components of Earth’s crust, 434, 435 Ethyl alcohol, 185 Floodplain, 509
kinetic molecular theory, 86 Ethyl butyrate, 310 Flow
periodic table, 216–21 Ethylene of energy, 69–74
El Niño, 493, 586 double covalent bond, 238 of heat, 85, 96–98, 99
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 586 industrial uses, 306 Fluids, 88
Empirical formula, 252 molecular and structural formulas, 302, 303 Fluorescent lights, 211
Enceladus (Saturn), 388 polyethylene, 307 Fluoride, 631
Energy. See also Fossil fuels; Geothermal energy; saturated hydrocarbons, 304 Fluorine, 215, 216, 221, 235
Nuclear energy; Solar energy; Wind(s) Ethylene glycol, 286 Fluorite, 439
alternate sources, 61, 78–80 Ethyl formate, 310 Fluorspar, 291
chemical equation, 231–32 Ethyl group, 307 Fly ash, 76
conservation, 61, 74, 77–78 Ethyne, 301 Focus, of earthquake, 484
conversion, 71–73 Europa (Jupiter), 386 Fog, 557–58, 559
dark, 366, 369 European Space Agency (ESA), 382 Foliation, of metamorphic rocks, 446–47
flow, 69–74 Europium, 219, 338 Folding
forms of, 61, 70–71 Eustachian tube, 123 of Earth’s surface, 477, 480–81
heat, 93–94, 98–103 Evaporation, 102–103, 541, 553–57. See also origin of mountains, 489
ionic bonding, 234–35 Condensation Folk medicine, and healing crystals, 436
molecular theory, 98–103 Ewing, Maurice, 469 Food. See also Nutrition
motion and position, 67–69 Excited state, 210, 328 calorie value of, 94
quantization of, 193–94 Exfoliation, and weathering, 503, 504 fats and calorie content of, 312
sources of, 61, 74–78 Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 267 organic acids, 310
temperature, 92 Exosphere, 547 radiation and preservation of, 335
transfer, 74, 93–94 Experiment(s), and scientific method, 14–15 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 335
waves, 127–28 Experimental group, 15 Footprints, and fossils, 525, 529
work, 62–66 Experimental variable, 15
I-5 Index 705