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Footwall, 482–83 G Granite, 441, 442, 502, 505, 513
Force(s) Grapefruit, 290, 513
circular motion, 48–49 Gabbro, 443 Graph
Gaia hypothesis, 558
elastic materials, 116–18 equations, 10
gravitation, 50 Galactic clusters, 362 simple harmonic motion, 118
Galactic disk, 362
motion and, 32–34, 44–45 simple line graph, 629–30
weight and mass, 44 Galactic halo, 362 Graphite, 440
Force field, 139, 144–45 Galactic nucleus, 362 Grasses, in estuaries, 612
Galaxies, 351, 362–67
Ford, Henry, 305 Gravel, 602
Forecasting, of weather, 7, 572, 579 Galilean moons, 386, 387 Gravitational field, 144
Galileo, 14, 26, 34, 35, 36–37, 86, 386, 399
Forests, and acid rain, 292, 513. See also Trees Gravitational potential energy, 67
Formaldehyde, 309 Gallium, 337 Gravitons, 145
Formalin, 309 Galvanometer, 159 Gravity
Gamma photon, 326
Formic acid, 287, 310 acceleration, 38
Formulas. See Chemical formulas Gamma radiation, 194, 325, 328 forces, 32
Ganymede (Jupiter), 386
Formula weights, 253, 265 laws of motion, 25
Fossil(s) and fossilization Gas(es). See also Natural gas; Noble gases; Rare gases mass movement of rocks and soils, 507
early ideas about, 522–23 atmospheric pressure, 544–45 Newton’s law of, 49–54, 144
phases of matter, 88, 99
geologic periods, 531–33 origin of stars, 354
index, 528, 531 seawater and dissolved, 609 space travel, 53
solubility, 283–84
mass extinctions, 533–34 theory of relativity, 197
slowing of Earth’s rotation over time, 426 Gasohol, 308 tides, 424–25
stromatolites, 521 Gasoline, 9, 305–306 vertical projectiles, 38
Gastric solution, 290
types of, 523–25 weight and mass, 43–44
Fossil fuels, 76, 292, 513, 544, 588. See also Coal; Gay-Lussac, Joseph, 17, 264 work and energy, 69, 70
Geiger counter, 331–32
Petroleum Gray (Gy), 333
Foucault, Jean, 192, 410 Generalizations, and data through ratios, 8 Great Dark Spot (Neptune), 377
Foucault pendulum, 410 General theory of relativity, 197, 367, 388 Great Red Spot (Jupiter), 385, 386
Generators, electric, 161, 162
Fraction(s), 623 Greece, ancient
Fractional coefficients, and chemical equations, 257 Geocentric model, of solar system, 395–96 atoms and elements, 13, 86, 204
Geologic time, 525, 529–34
Fracture, of mineral, 439 fossils, 522
Fracture strain, 480 Geology. See also Earth; Earthquakes; Earth sciences; fuels and energy, 74
Framework silicates, 437 Minerals; Plate tectonics; Rocks; Volcanoes measurement of time, 413
Florence Bascom and history of, 20
France, and nuclear waste disposal, 342 motion, 26
Francium, 216 historical and physical branches of, 522 optics, 186
interpretation of geologic history, 535
Franklin, Benjamin, 148, 153 shape of Earth, 406
Free fall, 36, 39, 54 Geomagnetic time scale, 530 solar system, 395–96
Freezing point, 99, 286 Geopressurized resources, 79 units of measurement, 4
Geosynchronous satellite, 52
Freon, 546 water supply, 598
Frequency (f) Geothermal energy, 79–80, 470 Greenhouse(s), and geothermal energy, 470
Germanium, 221
of light, 194 Greenhouse effect, 425, 541, 546, 558, 588, 589. See also
water molecules, 243 Geysers, 79 Global warming
of wave, 117–18, 121 Geysers Power Plant (California), 470 Gregorian calendar, 418
Giant planets, 378–79
Freshwater, 597, 598, 599, 603–606 Gregory XIII, Pope, 418
Fresnel, A. J., 190 Gibbs, Josiah, 448 Ground-fault interrupter (GFI), 170
Gilbert, Grove Karl, 514
Friction Ground state, 210
air resistance, 37 Giotto spacecraft, 390 Groundwater, 599, 600, 602–603, 604
electrical work, 151 Glaciers, 510–12, 587 Gulf Stream, 615
Glass
ocean waves, 611, 612 Guyot, Arnold, 469
static electricity, 141 conduction rate, 97 Gypsum, 291, 439
electrical insulators, 143
temperature, 92 Gyre, 615
third law of motion, 45 minerals, 440
work and energy, 69, 70 refraction of light, 185 H
speed of sound, 123
Fronts, weather, 570–74, 590 Hahn, Dorothy, 268
Frost, 556 specific heat, 96 Hail, 576
Glen Canyon Dam (Arizona), 63
Frostbite, 550 Hair hygrometer, 555
Frost wedging, 503, 504 Global Positioning System (GPS), 53, 198 Haiti earthquake (January 2010), 487
Fructose, 312 Global warming, 31, 493, 588–90. See also Greenhouse Half-life, and radioactive decay, 330, 332, 530
effect
Fruit Halides, and minerals, 437
ethylene and ripening of, 302, 303 Glucose, 259, 312 Halite, 439
Gluons, 145
irradiation, 335 Hall, Sir James, 494
sugars, 312 Glycerol, 308–309 Halley, Edmund, 54
Ft·lb, 63 Glycogen, 313 Halley’s comet, 389, 391, 392
Glycol, 308
Fuel(s), 74. See also Fossil fuels Halo
Fuel rods, of nuclear reactor, 339–40 Gneiss, 447–48 of comet, 391
Gnomon, 413
Fulcrum, 65 Moon, 557
Full moon, 423 Gold, 143, 236, 262, 337 Halogens, 216, 237
Functional group, 307 Golding, William, 558 Hanging wall, 492–83
Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz, 448
Fundamental charge, of electron, 143 Hardness, of minerals, 438–39
Fundamental forces, 32 Goose bumps, 92 Hard water, 290–92
Graben, 482
Fundamental frequency, 130 Harmonic(s), 130
Fundamental properties, 5 Gram-atomic weight, 265, 266 Harmonic instruments, 130–31
Fuses, and household electrical circuits, Gram-formula weight, 265, 266 Haumea (dwarf planet), 378
Gram-molecular weight, 265, 266
168–69, 170 Hawaii, and volcanoes, 491, 618
Grand Canyon (Arizona), 478, 504, 527, 528
Head, of comet, 390–91
706 Index I-6