Page 368 - Pali English Dictionary.

Dukkha Dukkha

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with expl of each term (+soka) D i.189; iii.136, 277; M i.185; d. at D ii.306 (cp. the distinction between śarīraṁ & mā-
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A i.107; Sn p. 140; Nd under sankhārā; It 17 (with dukkhassa nasaṁ dukkhaṁ in Sānkhya philosophy) M i.302; S v.209 (in
atikkama for nirodha), 104, 105; Ps i.37; ii.204, 147; Pug 15, def. of dukkhindriya); A ii.143 (sarīrikā vedanā dukkhā); Nett
68; Vbh 328; Nett 72, 73. It is referred to as dukkha, samu- 12 (duvidhaṁ d.: kāyikaṁ=dukkhaṁ; cetasikaṁ= domanas-
iib
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daya, nirodha, magga at Vin i.16, 18, 19; D iii.227; Nd 304 ; saṁ); Vism 165 (twofold), 496 (dukkhā aññaṁ na bādhakaṁ),
as āsavānaṁ khaya — ñāṇa at D i.83; Vin iii.5; as sacca No. 499 (seven divisions), 503 (kāyika); SnA 119 (sukhaṁ vā
1+paṭiccasamuppāda at A i.176 sq. (+soka°); in a slightly diff. dukkhaṁ vā Sn 67=kāyikaṁ sātāsātaṁ). Bdhgh. usually
version of No. 1 (leaving out appiyehi & piyehi, having soka° paraphrases d. with vaṭṭadukkha, e. g. at SnA 44, 212,
instead) at D ii.305; and in the formula catunnaṁ ariyasaccā- 377, 505. — (b) Thus to be understood as physical pain in
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naṁ ananubodhā etc. at D ii.90=Vin i.230. comb dukkha+ domanassa "pain & grief," where d. can
II. Characterisation in Detail. — 1. A further spec- also be taken as the gen. term & dom° as specification, e.
ification of the 3 rd of the Noble Truths is given in the g. in cetasikaṁ dukkhaṁ domanassaṁ paṭisaṁvedeti A i.157,
Paṭicca-samuppāda (q.v.), which analyses the links & stages 216; iv.406; S ii.69; rāgajan d °ṁ dom °ṁ paṭisaṁvedeti A
of the causal chain in their interdependence as building up (an- ii.149; kāmûpasaṁhitaṁ d °ṁ dom °ṁ A iii.207; d °ṁ dom °ṁ
abolic=samudaya) &, after their recognition as causes, break- paṭisaṁvediyati S iv.343. Also as cpd. dukkhadomanassānaṁ
ing down (katabolic=nirodha) the dukkha — synthesis, & thus atthangamāya A iii.326, & freq. in formula soka — parideva
constitutes the Metabolism of kamma; discussed e. g. at Vin — d° — domanass — upāyāsā (grief & sorrow, afflictions
i.c
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1; D ii.32 sq. =S ii.2 sq.; S ii.17, 20, 65= Nd 680 ; S iii.14; of pain & misery, i. e. all kinds of misery) D i.36 (arising
M i.266 sq.; ii.38; A i.177; mentioned e. g. at A i.147; M fr. kāmā); M ii.64; A v.216 sq.; It 89 etc. (see above B I.
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i.192 sq., 460; It 89 (=dukkhassa antakiriyā). — 2. Dukkha 4). Cp. also the comb dukkhī dummano "miserable and de-
as one of the 3 qualifications of the sankhārā (q. v.), viz. an- jected" S ii.282. — (c) dukkha as "feeling of pain" forms one
icca, d., anattā, evanescence, ill, nonsoul: S i.188; ii.53 (yad of the three dukkhatā or painful states, viz. d. — dukkhatā
aniccaṁ taṁ dukkhaṁ); iii.112 (id.) iii.67, 180, 222; iv.28, (painful sensation caused by bodily pain), sankhāra° id. hav-
48, 129 sq.; 131 sq. — rūpe anicc' ânupassī (etc. with dukkh' ing its origin in the sankhārā, vipariṇāma°, being caused by
& anatt') S iii.41. anicca — saññā, dukkha° etc. D iii.243; A change S iv.259; v.56; D iii.216; Nett 12. (d) Closely related
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iii.334, cp. iv.52 sq. — sabbe sankhārā aniccā etc. Nd un- in meaning is ahita "that which is not good or profitable,"
der sankhārā. — 3. Specification of Dukkha. The Niddesa usually opposed to sukha & hita. It is freq. in the ster. ex-
gives a characteristic description of all that comes under the pression "hoti dīgharattaṁ ahitāya dukkhāya" for a long time
term dukkha. It employs one stereotyped explanation (there- it is a source of discomfort & pain A i.194 sq.; M i.332 D
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i.
fore old & founded on scholastic authority) (Nd 304 ), & one iii.157; Pug 33. Also in phrases anatthāya ahitāya dukkhāya
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iii.
expl (304 ) peculiar to itself & only applied to Sn 36. The D iii.246 & akusalaṁ... ahitāya dukkhāya saṁvattati A i.58.
latter defines & illustrates dukkha exclusively as suffering & — (e) Under vedanā as sensation are grouped the 3: sukhaṁ
torment incurred by a person as punishment, inflicted on him (or sukhā ved.) pleasure (pleasant sensation), dukkhaṁ pain
either by the king or (after death) by the guardians of purga- (painful sens.), adukkham-asukhaṁ indifference (indiffer-
tory (niraya — pālā; see detail under niraya, & cp. below III. ent sens.), the last of which is the ideal state of the emo-
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2 b). — The first expl (304 ) is similar in kind to the defi- tional habitus to be gained by the Arahant (cp. upekhā & nib-
nition of d. as long afterwards given in the Sānkhya system bidā). Their rôle is clearly indicated in the 4th jhāna: sukhassa
(see Sānkhya — kārikā — bhāṣya of Gauḍapāda to stanza 1) pahānā dukkhassa pahānā pubbe va somanassadomanassānaṁ
& classifies the various kinds of dukkha in the foll. groups: (a) atthangamā adukkham — asukhaṁ upekhā parisuddhiṁ catut-
all suffering caused by the fact of being born, & being through thaṁ jhānaṁ upasampajja viharati (see jhāna). — As con-
one's kamma tied to the consequent states of transmigration; tents of vedanā: sukhaṁ vediyati dukkhaṁ v. adukkham —
to this is loosely attached the 3 fold division of d. as dukkha°, asukhaṁ v. tasmā vedanā ti S iii.86, 87; cp. S ii.82 (veday-
sankhāra°, vipariṇāma° (see below III. 1 c); — (b) illnesses & ati). tisso vedanā: sukha, d°, adukkham — asukhā° D iii.275;
all bodily states of suffering (cp. ādhyātmikaṁ dukkhaṁ of S ii.53; iv.114 sq., 207, 223 sq., cp. M i.396; A i.173; iv.442;
Sānkhya k.); — (c) pain & (bodily) discomfort through out- It 46, 47. yaṁ kiñc' āyaṁ purisa — puggalo paṭisaṁvedeti
ward circumstances, as extreme climates, want of food, gnat sukhaṁ vā d °ṁ vā a °ṁ vā sabban taṁ pubbe katahetū ti=one's
— bites etc. (cp. ādhibhautikaṁ & ādhidaivikaṁ d. of Sk.); whole life — experience is caused by one's former kamma A
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— (d) (Mental) distress & painful states caused by the death i.173=M ii.217. — The comb (as complementary pair) of
of one's beloved or other misfortunes to friends or personal sukha+dukkha is very freq. for expressing the varying for-
belongings (cp. domanassa). — This list is concluded by a tunes of life & personal experience as pleasure & pain, e. g. n'
scholastic characterisation of these var. states as conditioned âlam aññamaññassa sukhāya vā dukkhāya vā sukhadukkhāya
by kamma, implicitly due to the afflicted person not having vā D i.56=S iii.211. Thus under the 8 "fortunes of the world"
found his "refuge," i. e. salvation from these states in the 8 (loka dhammā) with lābha (& a°), yasa (a°), pasaṁsā (nindā),
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fold Path (see above B I.). sukha (dukkha) at D iii.260; Nd 55. Regarded as a thing to
III. General Application, & various views regarding be avoided in life: puriso jīvitukāmo... sukhakāmo dukkha —
dukkha. — 1. As simple sensation (: pain) & related to other paṭikkūlo S iv.172, 188. — In similar contexts: D i.81≈; iii.51,
terms: (a) principally a vedanā, sensation, in particular be- 109, 187; S ii.22, 39; iv.123 sq.; A ii.158 etc. (cp. sukha).
longing to the body (kāyika), or physical pain (opp. cetasika 2. As complex state (suffering) & its valuation in the
dukkha mental ill: see domanassa). Thus defined as kāyikaṁ light of the Doctrine: (a) any worldly sensation, pleasure

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