Page 636 - Pali English Dictionary.

Rājā (Rājan) Rājā (Rājan)

n
head of the principality or kingdom. The def of this (general) ample of these punishments inflicted on criminals is the long
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2
2
rājā at Nd 542 is significant of the idea of a king prevalent in passage illustrating dukkha (bodily pain) at Nd 304 ; cp. M
early Buddhist times. It is: "khattiyo muddh' âbhisitto vijita iii.163 (here also on a cora). — 3. The king (rājā or khattiya)
— sangāmo nihata — paccāmitto laddh' adhippāyo paripuṇṇa in the popular opinion, as reflected in language, heads several
— koṭthāgāro," i. e. "a crowned noble, victorious in battle, lists, which have often been taken as enumerating "castes," but
slaying his foes, fulfilling his desires, having his storehouses which are simply inclusive statements of var. prominent ranks
full." This king is "the top of men" (mukhaṁ manussānaṁ) as playing a rôle in the social life of the state, and which were
Vin i.246=Sn 568. Cp. D i.7; Sn 46 (raṭṭhaṁ vijitam pahāya); formulated according to diff. occasions. Thus some show a
J v.448 and passim. See also below 3. 4 & 6. — In similes: more political, some a more religious aspect. E. g. khattiya
see J.P.T.S. 1907, 128; & cp. Vism 152 (r. va saddh' antagato), amacca brāhmaṇa gahapati D i.136; rājā brāhmaṇa gahapatika
336 (wishing to become an artisan). Here belongs the title of A i.68, where another formula has khattiya br. g. A i.66; J
the king of the devas (Sakka) "deva-rājā," e. g. DhA iii.269, i.217; and the foll. with an intermediate "rank" (something
441; PvA 62. — (c) [in an oligarchic sense] member of a kula like "royalty," "the royal household") between the king and
of khattiyas, e. g. the kumāras of the Sakiyans and Koliyans the brahmins: rājā rājaputtā brāhmaṇā gahapatikā negama —
are all called rājāno of the rājakulānaṁ in J. v.413 sq., or at jānapadā A ii.74 sq.; rājāno rāja — mahāmattā khattiyā br.,
n
least the heads of those kulas. Cp. B. Ind. p. 19. — (d) [in gah., titthiyā D iii.44 (trsl Dialogues too weak "rājas & their
a smaller, autocratic state] a chieftain, prince, ruler; usually officials"); rājā rājabhogga br., gah. Vin iii.221. — 4. Var.
(collectively) as a group: rājāno, thus indicating their lesser aspects illustrating the position of the king in relation to other
importance, e. g. A v.22 (kuḍḍa — rājāno rañño cakkavattissa prominent groups of the court or populace: (a) rājā & khat-
anuyuttā bhavanti: so read for anuyantā); Sn 553 (bhoja° sim- tiya. All kings were khattiyas. The kh. is a noble κα᾿τἐςοξήν
n
ilar to rāja — bhoggā or bhogiyā as given at SnA 453); A ii.74 (cp. Gr. ἡγεμών) as seen fr. def jāti-khattiya at SnA 453
sq. (dhammikā & a°); J iv.495. Similarly at Vin i.228 we find and var. contexts. Already in the Rig Veda the kṣatriya is
the division into the 3 ranks: mahesakkhā rājāno, majjhimā r., a person belonging to a royal family (RV x.109, 3), and rā-
nīcā r. Here also belongs the designation of the 4 lokapālā (or janya is an Ep. of kṣatriya (see Zimmer, Altindisches Leben
Guardians of the World) at cattāro mahā-rājāno, the mahā° 213). — rājā khattiyo muddhâvassito "a crowned king" D
being added for sake of politeness (cp. Note A on mahā), e. i.69; iii.61 sq.; Vin iv.160; A i.106 sq.; ii.207 (contrasted with
g. A iv.242. See also paṭirājā & cp. below 4 c. — (e) A wider brāhmaṇa mahāsāla); iii.299 (if lazy, he is not liked by the
range of meaning is attached to several sub — divisions (with people); M iii.172 sq. (how he becomes a cakkavatti through
rājā or without): officials and men who occasionally take the the appearance of the cakka — ratana). — Without muddhâ-
place of the king (royal functionaries), but are by public opin- vasitta: rājāno khattiyā Dh 294=Nett 165. Cp. khattiyā bhoja
ion considered almost equal to the king. Here belongs the def n — rājāno the khattiyas, the (noble or lesser?) kings (as follow-
of what is termed "rājāno" (pl. like d) at Vin iii.47, viz. rājā, ers of the cakkavatti) Sn 553 (see bhoja). At J vi.515. rājāno
padesa — rājā, maṇḍalikā, antarabhogikā, akkhadassā, mahā- corresponds directly to khattiyā on p. 517 (saṭṭhisahassa°);
mattā, ye vā pana chejjabhejjaṁ anusāsanti (i. e. those cp. expression khattiya — kula J i.217 as equivalent to rāja
who have juridical power). See also below 4 b, and °putta, — kula. (b) rājā & mahāmatta. The latter occupies the po-
°bhogga [& other cpds.]. — 2. It would fill a separate book, sition of "Premier," but is a rank equal to the king, hence of-
if we were to give a full monograph of kingship in and after ten called rājā himself: Vin iii.47 where styled "akkhadassa
the Buddha's time; we therefore content ourselves with a few mahāmatta." Otherwise he is always termed rāja-mahāmatta
principal remarks. The office of king was hereditary: kula "royal minister," or "H.R.H. the Premier," e. g. Vin i.172; A
— santakaṁ rajjaṁ J i.395; ii.116; iv.124; but we sometimes i.279; Vin i.228 (also as Magadha — mahāmatta), and called
read of a king being elected with great pomp: J i.470; PvA himself a khattiya D iii.44. — (c) rājā & cora. A prominent
74. He had the political and military power in his hand, also figure in the affairs of State is the "robber — chief" (mahā —
the jurisdiction, although in this he is often represented by the cora). The contrast — pair rajāno (so always pl.) & cora is
mahāmatta, the active head of the state. His 10 duties are very frequent, and in this connection we have to think of rājāno
mentioned at several places (see below under °dhammā). Oth- as either smaller kings, knights or royals (royalists), i. e. offi-
ers are mentioned e. g. at D i.135, where it is said he gives cers of the kings or "the king's Guards." Thus at J iii.34 the C.
n
food and seed — corn to the farmer, capital to the trader, wages expl as rāja-purisā. It is here used as a term of warning or
to the people in government service. His qualifications are 8 frightening "get up, robber, so that the kings (alias Ǥ police-
fold (see D i.137): well — born ("gentleman," khattiya), hand- man ʼ) won't catch you": uṭṭhehi cora mā taṁ gahesuṁ rājāno.
some, wealthy, powerful (with his army), a believer, learned, Other passages are e. g.: D i.7 (rāja — kathā & corakathā)=Vin
clever, intelligent. — His wealth is proverbial and is charac- i.188; M iii.163 (rājāno coraṁ āgucāriṁ gahetvā); A i.68, 154;
terized in a stock phrase, which is also used of other ranks, It 89 (rāj' âbhinīta+cor°); & in sequence rājāno corā dhuttā
like seṭṭhi's & brāhmaṇa's, viz. "aḍḍha mahaddhana mahāb- (as being dangerous to the bhikkhus) at Vin i.150, 161. — 5.
hoga pahūta — jātarūpa — rajata pahūta — vitt' ûpakaraṇa On the question of kingship in Ancient India see Zimmer, Al-
pahūtadhana — dhañña paripuṇṇa — kosa — koṭṭhāgāra," e. tind. Leben pp. 162 — 175, 212 sq.; Macdonell & Keith, Vedic
g. D i.134. For a late description of a king's quality and dis- Index ii.210 sq.; Fick, Soc. Gl. 63 — 90; Foy, Die Königl.
tinction see Miln 226, 227. — His disciplinary authority is Gewalt nach den altind. Rechtsbüchern (Leipzig 1895); Rh.
emphasized; he spares no tortures in punishing adversaries or Davids, Buddhist India pp. 1 — 16; Hopkins, E. W., The so-
malefactors, esp. the cora (see below 4 c). A summary ex- cial and military position of the ruling caste in A. I. in J.A.O.S.

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